Zombini ukuwelda nge-laser beam kunye nokuwelda nge-arc bezisoloko zisetyenziswa kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, kwaye zivumela uluhlu olubanzi lokusetyenziswa kwicandelo lobuchwepheshe bokudibanisa izinto. Inkqubo nganye kwezi ineendawo zayo ezithile zokusetyenziswa, njengoko kuchaziwe ziinkqubo zomzimba zokuthuthwa kwamandla ukuya kwindawo yokusebenza kunye nokuhamba kwamandla okufumanekayo. Amandla adluliselwa ukusuka kumthombo we-laser beam ukuya kwizinto ukuze zicutshungulwe ngokusebenzisa imitha ephezulu ye-infrared coherent, kusetyenziswa intambo ye-fibre-optic. I-arc idlulisela ubushushu obufunekayo ekuwelda ngokusebenzisa umbane ophezulu ohamba kwindawo yokusebenza ngekholamu ye-arc. Imitha ye-laser ikhokelela kwindawo encinci kakhulu echaphazeleka bubushushu enomlinganiselo omkhulu wobunzulu bokuwelda kububanzi bomthungo (isiphumo se-deep-weld). Amandla okuvala isithuba senkqubo yokuwelda nge-laser aphantsi kakhulu, ngenxa yobubanzi bayo obuncinci bokugxila, kodwa kwelinye icala inokufikelela kwisantya esiphezulu kakhulu sokuwelda. Inkqubo yokuwelda nge-arc inoxinano oluphantsi kakhulu lwamandla, kodwa ibangela indawo enkulu yokugxila kumphezulu wento yokusebenza kwaye ibonakaliswa yisantya esicothayo sokucubungula. Ngokudibanisa zombini ezi nkqubo, ukusebenzisana okuluncedo kunokufezekiswa. Ekugqibeleni, oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukufezekisa zombini iingenelo ezisemgangathweni kunye neenzuzo zobunjineli bemveliso, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Le nkqubo inika izicelo ezinomdla nezinomtsalane kwezoqoqosho, zombini kwishishini leemoto, ingakumbi kuba ukunyamezela okuphezulu kuvumelekile kwii-weldments, amazinga aphezulu okujoyina anokwenzeka, kwaye iiparameter ezilungileyo kakhulu zoomatshini/zobuchwepheshe zinokufezekiswa.
1. Intshayelelo:
Kuyaziwa indlela yokudibanisa ukukhanya kwelaser kunye ne-arc kwinkqubo yokuwelda edibeneyo ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1970, kodwa kangangexesha elide emva koko, akukho msebenzi wophuhliso owenziweyo. Kutshanje, abaphandi baphinde bajonga le ngongoma baza bazama ukudibanisa iingenelo ze-arc nezo zelaser, kwinkqubo yokuwelda exutyiweyo. Nangona kwimihla yokuqala, imithombo yelaser kwakusafuneka ibonakalise ukuba ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, kule mihla zizixhobo zobuchwepheshe eziqhelekileyo kumashishini amaninzi okuvelisa.
Ukudibanisa i-laser welding kunye nenye inkqubo ye-weld kubizwa ngokuba yi-"hybrid welding process". Oku kuthetha ukuba i-laser beam kunye ne-arc zisebenza ngaxeshanye kwindawo enye ye-welding, kwaye zichaphazela kwaye zixhasana.
2. Ileyiza:
Ukuwelda nge-laser akudingi nje amandla aphezulu e-laser kodwa kufuna nomqadi osemgangathweni ophezulu ukuze kufunyanwe "isiphumo se-deep-weld" esifunekayo. Umgangatho ophezulu we-beam ungasetyenziswa nokuba kukufumana ububanzi obuncinci bokugxila okanye umgama omkhulu wokugxila.
Kwiiprojekthi zophuhliso eziqhubekayo ngoku, kusetyenziswa i-laser eqinileyo epompelwe isibane enamandla e-laser beam ye-4 kW. Ukukhanya kwe-laser kudluliselwa ngefayibha yeglasi ye-600 µm.
Ukukhanya kwelaser kudluliselwa ngefayibha yeglasi, apho isiqalo nesiphelo zipholiswa ngamanzi. Umqadi welaser uphoswa kwindawo yokusebenza ngemodyuli yokugxila enomgama ojolise kwi-200 mm.
3. Inkqubo yeLaser Hybrid:
Kwizinto zokusebenza zesinyithi ezidityanisiweyo, umqadi welaser we-Nd:YAG ugxile kumandla angaphezu kwe-106W/cm2. Xa umqadi welaser ubetha umphezulu wezinto, utshisa le ndawo ukuya kubushushu bokufuma, kwaye kwenziwa umngxuma womphunga kwisinyithi esidityanisiweyo ngenxa yomphunga wesinyithi ophumayo. Uphawu oluphawulekayo lomthungo we-weld bubungakanani bayo obuphezulu bobunzulu-ububanzi. Uxinano lwamandla-ukuhamba kwe-arc evuthayo ngokukhululekileyo lungaphezulu kancinci kwi-104 W/cm2. Umfanekiso 1 ubonisa umgaqo osisiseko we-hybrid welding. Umqadi welaser
Okuboniswe apha kondla ubushushu kwisinyithi esijijekileyo kwinxalenye ephezulu yomthungo, ukongeza kubushushu obuvela kwi-arc. Ngokungafaniyo noqwalaselo olulandelelanayo apho iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-weld zisebenza ngokulandelelana, i-hybrid welding inokujongwa njengomdibaniso weenkqubo zombini ze-weld ezisebenza ngaxeshanye kwindawo enye yenkqubo. Ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni yeyiphi inkqubo ye-arc okanye ye-laser esetyenziswayo, nakwimilinganiselo yenkqubo, iinkqubo ziya kuchaphazela enye kwenye ukuya kwinqanaba elahlukileyo nangendlela ezahlukeneyo [1, 2].
Ngenxa yokudibanisa inkqubo yelaser kunye nenkqubo ye-arc, kukho ukonyuka kokubini ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld kunye nesantya se-welding (xa kuthelekiswa nayo nayiphi na inkqubo esetyenziswa yodwa). Umphunga wesinyithi ophuma kwi-vapor cavity usebenza kwakhona kwi-arc plasma. Ukufunxwa kwemitha yelaser ye-Nd:YAG kwi-processing plasma kuhlala kuncinci. Ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni loluphi umlinganiselo we-inputs zamandla amabini ezikhethiweyo, uhlobo lwenkqubo iyonke lunokugqitywa kwinqanaba elikhulu okanye elincinci nokuba yi-laser okanye yi-arc [3,4].
Umfanekiso 1: Imbonakalo yesicwangciso: Ukuwelda kweLaserHybrid
Ukufunxwa kwemisebe yelaser kuchaphazeleka kakhulu bubushushu bomphezulu wezinto zokusebenza. Ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yokuwelda ngelaser iqale, kufuneka kuqala kuqale kuhlulwe ukukhanya, ingakumbi kwiindawo zealuminiyam. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokuqala ukuwelda ngenkqubo ekhethekileyo yokuqalisa. Emva kokuba kufikelele kubushushu bokufuma, kuyenziwa umngxuma womphunga, nto leyo ebangela ukuba phantse onke amandla emitha angangeniswa kwindawo yokusebenza. Amandla afunekayo koku amiselwa kukufunxwa okuxhomekeke kubushushu kunye nobungakanani bamandla alahlekileyo.
ngokuqhuba ukuya kwenye indawo yokusebenza. Kwi-LaserHybrid welding, ukufuma kwenzeka kungekuphela nje kumphezulu wento yokusebenza kodwa nakwi-filler wire, oko kuthetha ukuba kukho umphunga wesinyithi ongakumbi ofumanekayo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukungena kwe-laser radiation. Oku kukwathintela ukuyeka kwenkqubo [5, 6, 7, 8, 9].
4. Isicelo seemoto:
Ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji yesakhelo sesithuba, kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa ubunzima nge-43% xa kuthelekiswa nomzimba wemoto yentsimbi.
Umfanekiso 2: Ingcamango yesakhelo sesithuba se-Audi A2
Isakhelo se-Audi A2 Space siqulathe i-30 m Laser (imicu etyheli kumfanekiso 2) kunye nobude be-MIG weld obuyi-20 m. Ukongeza, kukwasetyenziswa iirivets ezili-1700.
Umfanekiso 3: Uthelekiso lweeprofayili kunye neendlela zokudibanisa kwi-Audi-A2
Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa i-LaserHybrid welded joint ye-ALMg3 cast material enezinto zephepha ze-AlMgSi. Intambo yokuzalisa yi-AlSi5 kwaye igesi yokukhusela esetyenziswayo yi-Argon. Ngokwanda kwamandla e-laser, ukungena nzulu kunokwenzeka. Ukudibanisa umqadi we-laser kunye ne-arc ngale ndlela kufezekisa ichibi elikhulu le-weld kunenkqubo ye-laser beam weld yodwa. Oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuwelda izinto ezinezikhewu ezibanzi.
Umfanekiso 4: Ilungu elidibeneyo elinomgama we-0.5 mm
Kwishishini leemoto kukho iindlela ezininzi zokufaka i-overlap welding ngaphandle kokulungiselela amaqabane. Okwangoku, inkqubo yanamhlanje yalo msebenzi wokuwelda yinkqubo yokuwelda nge-laser enentambo ebandayo yokuzalisa, ngenxa yokuqhekeka okushushu kwe-AA 6xxx alloy. Xa i-joint idityaniswe ngentambo yokuzalisa, amandla amaninzi e-laser aya kulahleka ukuze kunyibilikiswe loo ntambo yokuzalisa.
Umfanekiso olandelayo umele umahluko phakathi kwe-LaserHybrid kunye ne-Laser welding kwi-joint edibeneyo enesantya se-welding se-2.4m/min. Kwimeko ye-laser welding, akunakwenzeka ukuzalisa i-weld bead, kwaye kwenziwa i-undercut. Kwakhona, kukho ukungena okuncinci kakhulu kwizinto ezisisiseko. Ububanzi be-weld bead buncinci kakhulu, kwaye ke ngoko amandla okuxinana aphantsi aya kulindeleka. Kwimeko ye-LaserHybrid welding,
Izinto ezongezelelweyo zithuthwa zisiwe echibini lokuwelda. I-undercut izaliswa ngocingo oluvela kwinkqubo ye-MIG, kwaye inxalenye yamandla e-laser ngoku iyagcinwa. La mandla e-laser agciniweyo angasetyenziselwa ukwandisa ukungena kwezinto ezisisiseko kwaye ububanzi be-weld bead bukhulu kunobukhulu bezinto, obufunekayo kwi-simulation yamanani.
Umzobo 5. Uthelekiso phakathi kwe-LaserHybrid kunye ne-Laser welding ngaphandle kwentambo yokuzalisa
Ngenkqubo yokuwelda yeLaserHybrid kunokwenzeka ukuwelda izinto zeAluminiyam, iintsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezingenasici ukusuka kubukhulu bezinto ezifikelela kwi-4 mm. Ukuba ubukhulu buphezulu kakhulu, ukungena ngokupheleleyo akunakwenzeka. Ukuze udibanise izinto ezigqunywe yiZinc, kungcono ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokugquma yelaser.
Ezinye izicelo kwiimoto zii-power trains, ii-axles kunye nemizimba yeemoto, apho inkqubo yokuwelda ye-laser hybrid inokufaneleka khona.
Intloko yokuwelda:
Intloko yokufakelwa kwesinyithi kufuneka ibe nobukhulu obuncinci bejometri, ukuqinisekisa ukufikelela kakuhle kwizinto eziza kudityaniswa, ingakumbi kwicandelo le-auto-body. Ngaphezu koko, kufuneka yenzelwe ukuvumela zombini uqhagamshelo olufanelekileyo olunokususwa kwintloko yerobhothi kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zenkqubo ezifana nomgama ojolise ngqo, kunye nemigama yokuma kwetotshi kuzo zonke ii-co-ordinates zeCartesian. Umfanekiso 5 ubonisa intloko yokufakelwa kwesinyithi, ngelixa inkqubo isebenza. Ukusasazeka okwenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokufakelwa kwesinyithi kukhokelela ekwandeni kokungcola kweglasi ekhuselayo. Iglasi ye-quartz igqunywe macala omabini ngezinto ezichasene nokukhanya kwaye yenzelwe ukukhusela inkqubo ye-laser optical ekonakaleni.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokungcolisa, ukuchitheka okuqokeleleka kwiglasi kunokubangela ukuba amandla elaser achaphazela umsebenzi anciphe ukuya kuthi ga kwi-90%. Ukungcolisa okunzima ngokubanzi kukhokelela ekutshatyalalisweni kweglasi ekhuselayo, njengoko inxalenye enkulu yamandla akhanyayo ifunxwa yiglasi ngokwayo, nto leyo ebangela uxinzelelo lobushushu kwiglasi. Ngentloko yokuwelda kunye nezixhobo zokuwelda, kunokwenzeka ukuyisebenzisa kwi-LaserHybrid welding, i-laser welding, i-MSG welding kunyeUkugquma ucingo olushushu lweLaser.
Umfanekiso 6: Intloko yokuwelda kunye nenkqubo
5. Iingenelo ze-Laser Hybrid welding:
Ezi nzuzo zilandelayo zivela ekudibaneni kwe-arc kunye ne-laser beam: Iingenelo ze-LaserHybrid welding ngaphezu kwe-laser welding:
• uzinzo oluphezulu lwenkqubo
• ukukwazi ukuqengqeleka okuphezulu
• ukungena nzulu
• iindleko zotyalo-mali eziphantsi
• ukuguquguquka okukhulu
Iingenelo zokuwelda ngeLaserHybrid ngaphezu kokuwelda ngeMIG:
• isantya esiphezulu sokuwelda
• ukungena nzulu ngesantya esiphezulu sokuwelda
• igalelo eliphantsi lobushushu
• amandla aphezulu okuxinana
• imithungo emincinci yokuwelda
Umzobo 7: Iingenelo zokudibanisa ezi nkqubo zimbini
Inkqubo yokuwelda i-arc ibonakaliswa ngumthombo wamandla ongabizi kakhulu, amandla amahle okusebenzisa ibhulorho kunye nesixhobo sokuphembelela isakhiwo ngokongeza iintsimbi zokuzalisa. Iimpawu ezahlulayo zenkqubo yokuwelda i-laser, kwelinye icala, bubunzulu obukhulu bokuwelda, isantya esiphezulu sokuwelda, umthwalo ophantsi wobushushu kunye nemithungo emincinci yokuwelda eyifikelelayo. Ngaphezulu koxinano oluthile lwe-beam, i-laser beam ivelisa "isiphumo sokuwelda esinzulu" kwizinto zesinyithi ezenza ukuba izinto ezinobukhulu obukhulu bodonga ziweldwe - ukuba amandla e-laser aphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ukuwelda kwe-Laser Hybrid ngoko ke kwenza isantya esiphezulu sokuwelda, ukuzinza kwenkqubo ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-arc kunye nomthungo we-laser, ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu kunye nokunyamezelana okukhulu kweziqwenga zomsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuba ichibi lokuwelda lincinci kunenkqubo ye-MIG, akukho kufakwa kobushushu okuncinci kwaye ngoko ke indawo encinci echaphazeleka bubushushu. Oku kuthetha ukuwelda okuncinci.
ukugqwetheka, okunciphisa inani lomsebenzi wokulungisa emva kokuwelda okufuneka wenziwe.
Apho kukho iidama ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda, ukufakelwa kobushushu okulandelayo okuvela kwi-arc kuthetha ukuba umqadi welaser - indawo eweldayo - ingakumbi kwimeko yentsimbi - unikwa unyango lokuthambisa emva kokuwelda, usasaza amaxabiso obulukhuni ngokulinganayo kumthungo. Umfanekiso 6 ushwankathela iingenelo zenkqubo edibeneyo (oko kukuthi i-hybrid).
Ngoku sijonga iingenelo zoqoqosho ze-hybrid welding ngaphezu kwe-laser welding, la mazwi alandelayo anokwenziwa: Umthungo we-weld uquka i-laser weld kunye ne-MIG weld. Inkqubo ye-hybrid yenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa amandla e-laser beam, oko kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla komthombo we-laser kunokuncipha kakhulu, njengoko isixhobo se-laser beam sisebenza kakuhle nge-3% kuphela. Ngamanye amazwi: Ukuncipha kwe-1 kW kumandla e-laser beam achaphazela umsebenzi kukhokelela ekunciphiseni malunga ne-35 kVA kumandla asetyenziswa kwi-mains yombane.
Isixhobo somqadi welaser sixabisa malunga ne-EUR 0.1 m kwi-1 kW nganyeamandla omqadi welaserUkuthatha umzekelo omnye nje, kwimeko apho ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo ye-hybrid kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa isixhobo se-laser beam esingu-2 kW endaweni yesixhobo esinamandla e-4 kW, oku kubangela ukonga imali ye-EUR 0.2 m kwimali yotyalo-mali. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kukhunjulwe apha ukuba kwinkqubo ye-hybrid, kuya kufuneka umatshini we-MIG oxabisa malunga ne-EUR 20,000.
Ngenxa yesantya esiphezulu sokuwelda, amaxesha okwenziwa kunye neendleko zokuwelda zinokuncitshiswa.
6. Ukugquma nge-LaserHotwire:
Enye indlela yokudibanisa umqadi welaser kunye nocingo lokuzalisa yinkqubo yeLaserHotwire [10]. Kule nkqubo ucingo lokuzalisa lutshiswa ngomthombo wamandla ofanayo, onokusetyenziselwaInkqubo yokuwelda yeLaser HybridIntambo yokuzalisa inomthwalo wamandla ukusuka kwi-100 A ukuya kwi-220 A. Isantya sokutya kwentambo sixhomekeke kwicandelo elinqamlezileyo le-brazing bead kunye nesantya sokuzalisa. I-Brazing inika, ngobuninzi bentsimbi yokuzalisa, izinto zokubumba ezinokugqitywa ngokulula kunee-weld seams ezifanayo. Ngokuzalisa iindawo zeshiti, umsebenzi wokulungisa unokwenziwa ngendlela elula kunokuba bekuya kuba njalo ngamajoyinti adibeneyo. Enye inzuzo ye-LaserHotwire brazing kukumelana okuhle kokugqwala kwendawo edibeneyo.
Njengezinyithi zokuzalisa, kusetyenziswa ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwikopolo ezingabizi kakhulu ezifana ne-SG-CuSi3 kwaye i-Argon isebenza njengegesi yokukhusela.
Umfanekiso 8: Umzobo wesicwangcisoUkugquma ucingo olushushu lweLaser:
Umfanekiso olandelayo ubonisa icandelo elinqamlezileyo lezinto ezifakwe i-Laser Hot wire brased. Izinto ezifakwe i-zinc zifakwe i-brased ngesantya se-3 m/min kwaye i-filler wire inomthwalo wangoku we-205 A. Ubushushu buphantsi kakhulu, ngoko ke ukugqwetheka okuphantsi sisiphumo senkqubo yokuqhobosha.
7. Isishwankathelo:
Ukuwelda ngeLaser Hybrid bubuchwepheshe obutsha ngokupheleleyo obubonelela ngokusebenzisana kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kumashishini okusebenza ngesinyithi, ingakumbi apho kungenakwenzeka okanye kungenakwenzeka ngokwezimali ukufikelela kumlinganiselo ofunekayo wezinto ezifunekayo.ukuwelda nge-laser beamUluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lokusetyenziswa kunye nobuchule obuphezulu benkqubo edibeneyo bukhokelela ekukhulisweni kokhuphiswano ngokubhekiselele ekunciphiseni iindleko zotyalo-mali, amaxesha amafutshane okuvelisa, iindleko eziphantsi zokuvelisa kunye nemveliso ephezulu.
Inkqubo yeLaserHybrid ikwabonelela ngendlela entsha yokuwelda i-aluminium. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ezinzileyo enokusetyenziswa ekusebenzeni iye yenzeka kutshanje, ngenxa yamandla aphezulu okukhupha e-solid-state lasers. Izifundo ezininzi ziye zahlola iziseko zeenkqubo zokuwelda i-laser-arc-hybrid. Ngokuthi "inkqubo yokuwelda i-hybrid", sithetha indibaniselwano yokuwelda i-laserbeam kunye nenkqubo yokuwelda i-arc, kunye nendawo enye yenkqubo (i-plasma kunye ne-melt). Izifundo zophando ezisisiseko zibonise ukuba inkqubo inokwenzeka apho - ngokudibanisa ezi nkqubo zimbini - intsebenziswano inokufezekiswa kwaye iingxaki zenkqubo nganye eyahlukileyo zinokuhlawulwa, okubangela amathuba okuphucula ukuwelda, ukuwelda kunye nokuthembeka kokuwelda kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwakhiwa. Ngokukodwa, oku kuye kwabonakaliswa kwii-alloys ze-aluminium. Ngokukhetha iiparameter zenkqubo ezilungileyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuchaphazeleke ngokukhethekileyo iipropati zokuwelda ezifana nejometri kunye nolwakhiwo lwesakhiwo. Inkqubo yokuwelda i-arc yonyusa ukukwazi ukuqengqeleka ngokongeza isinyithi sokuzalisa; ikwamisela ububanzi bokuwelda kunye nomthungo kwaye ngaloo ndlela inciphisa ubungakanani bokulungiswa komsebenzi ofunekayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisana okwenzekayo phakathi kweenkqubo kukhokelela ekwandeni okukhulu kokusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo. Le nkqubo yokudibanisa ikwafuna iindleko zotyalo-mali ezincinci kakhulu kunenkqubo yokuwelda nge-laser.
Inkqubo yokugquma ucingo olushushu lweLaser ingasetyenziselwa ngokukodwa izinto ezigqunywe yizinc ukuze zikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala kakuhle.
Ixesha leposi: Epreli-18-2025
