Ukuwelda ngeLaser – Impembelelo yeeParameters ze-Oscillation kwi-Adjustable Ring Mode (ARM) Ukuwelda ngeLaser yee-Aluminium Alloys

Ukuwelda ngeLaser – Impembelelo yeeParameters ze-Oscillation kwi-Adjustable Ring Mode (ARM) Ukuwelda ngeLaser yee-Aluminium Alloys

1. Isishwankathelo

Olu phononongo luphanda imiphumo ye-oscillation amplitude kunye ne-frequency kumgangatho womphezulu, ii-macro kunye ne-microstructures, kunye ne-porosity ye-adjustable ring mode (ARM)i-laser oscillating weldedIipleyiti ze-aluminium alloy ze-A5083. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ngokonyuka kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation kunye ne-frequency, umgangatho womphezulu we-weld uyaphucuka. Njengoko i-amplitude isanda, i-weld cross-section iyaguquka ukusuka kwimo "ye-goblet" ukuya kwimo "ye-crescent". Uhlalutyo lwe-microstructural lubonisa ukuba ubungakanani bengqolowa ye-weld abunciphi ngokwanda kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation kunye ne-frequency ngenxa yokhuphiswano phakathi kwesiphumo sokushukumisa kunye nokunciphisa izinga lokupholisa. I-weld porosity iyancipha ngokwanda kwe-parameters ye-oscillation, ifikelela kwi-porosity yokugqibela ye-0.22% xa i-amplitude iyi-2 mm. I-X-ray tomography enemilinganiselo emithathu iqinisekisa ngakumbi impembelelo ye-oscillation kwi-pore distribution: ii-pores ezinkulu zihlala zihlangana ngasemva kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo, ngelixa ii-pores ezincinci zibonisa ulungelelwaniso olungcono. Olu phando lubonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo yokwenza ngcono iiparameter ze-oscillation ukuze kufezekiswe i-laser welding esemgangathweni ophezulu kwizicelo ze-aluminium alloy ze-A5083.

2 Imvelaphi yoShishino

Ii-alloys ze-aluminium zineengenelo zobunzima obulula, amandla aphezulu athile, kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okuhle, kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimoto, kwiindlela zikaloliwe ezikhawulezayo, kwi-aerospace nakwamanye amashishini. Ukuwelda nge-laser kuneengenelo zokusebenza kakuhle, indawo encinci echaphazeleka bubushushu, kunye nokuguquguquka okuncinci kokuwelda. Ke ngoko,Ukuwelda nge-laser yindlela yokuwelda engabizi kakhulu efanelekileyo kwiipleyiti ezityebileyo, nto leyo enokunciphisa kakhulu inani lee-weld pass. I-Porosity sisiphene esibalulekileyo kwi-laser welding yee-aluminium alloys, nto leyo echaphazela kakhulu iimpawu zoomatshini ze-welded joints. Ke ngoko, kwenziwe izifundo ezininzi zokunciphisa nokuphelisa ukwakheka kwe-porosity, kubandakanya ukuphucula igesi yokukhusela, ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-dual-beam, ukusebenzisa iinkqubo zamandla e-laser ezilungisiweyo, kunye nokusebenzisa iindlela ze-oscillating beam. Itekhnoloji ye-laser oscillating welding ivelele ngokukwazi kwayo ukudibanisa iingenelo ze-laser welding kunye neempawu zayo. Ukusebenzisa i-laser oscillating welding ayinakunciphisa kuphela i-porosity kodwa ikwaphucula nolwakhiwo lwe-microstructure ye-weld kwaye iphucule umgangatho we-weld. Inani elikhulu lezifundo ligxile kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ze-laser oscillating welding, kubandakanya ukunciphisa i-porosity, ukuphucula ukusasazwa kwamandla, ukuphucula isakhiwo sengqolowa, kunye nokuchazwa kokuhamba kwe-melt kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo. Ukusasazwa kwamandla e-laser kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusasazweni kobushushu kunye nobunzulu bokungena kwe-laser welding. Kwi-amplitude ethile ye-oscillation, ngokwanda kwe-scanning frequency, inkqubo ye-welding itshintsha ukusuka kwi-deep penetration welding ukuya kwi-wilding engazinzile, kwaye ekugqibeleni iye kwi-heat conduction welding. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukwanda kwe-scanning amplitude kunye ne-frequency kunokunciphisa i-porosity, kodwa kunciphise kakhulu ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa iimpawu zoomatshini ze-weld. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwaveliswa i-laser ye-adjustable ring mode (ARM), eyahlula amandla e-laser kwi-core enoxinano olukhulu lwamandla kunye ne-ring enoxinano oluphantsi lwamandla, ejolise ekuzinziseni i-keyhole kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-welding. Abaphandi basebenzise i-ARM laser oscillating welding ukuwelda ii-aluminium alloys ze-6xxx ezinamandla aphezulu phantsi kwe-core/ring power ratios ezahlukeneyo kunye nobubanzi be-oscillation. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba into ephambili echaphazela i-weld geometry bububanzi be-oscillation, endaweni ye-core-ring power ratio. Nangona kunjalo, ukusasazwa kwe-pore kunye nendlela yayo yokuthintela phantsi kwe-superposition ye-oscillation kunye ne-ARM laser azikafundwa. Kule phepha, kusetyenziswa itekhnoloji entsha ye-ARM laser oscillating welding ukunciphisa i-porosity ye-weld, ukufumana ubunzulu obuphezulu bokungena kunye nomgangatho ongcono weld. Kwenziwa uphando olunzulu malunga nokusasazwa kwamandla elaser, ukuziphatha kwamandla echibi elinyibilikisiweyo, kunye nesakhiwo esincinci phantsi kwamaza ahlukeneyo okushukuma kunye ne-amplitudes.

3. Iinjongo zovavanyo kunye neenkqubo

Iteknoloji yokuwelda ye-circular laser oscillating welding yasetyenziswa ukuwelda ii-alloys ze-aluminium. Izinto ezisisiseko (BM) yayiyi-alloy ye-aluminium ye-5083-O enobukhulu obuyi-300mm × 100mm × 5mm (ubude × ububanzi × ubukhulu), kwaye ukwakheka kwayo kweekhemikhali kuboniswe kwitheyibhile. Ngaphambi kokuwelda, iisampulu zazicocwa ukuze kususwe ifilimu ye-oxide yomphezulu, emva koko zicocwe nge-acetone kwibhafu ye-ultrasonic imizuzu eli-15 ukuze kususwe ioyile yomphezulu.inkqubo yokuwelda nge-laserIkakhulu iquka irobhothi yeKuka, i-TruDisk 8001 disk laser, kunye ne-3D PFO galvanometer scanner. I-TruDisk 8001 disk laser yasetyenziswa njengomthombo we-laser ye-ring mode adjustable, enomlinganiselo we-core/ring fiber we-100/400 μm kunye namandla aphezulu okukhupha ayi-8 kW (ubude be-wavelength ye-1030 nm, iparameter yomgangatho we-beam ye-4.0 mm·rad). I-laser beam yenziwe yinxalenye engundoqo kunye nenxalenye ye-ring, apho i-laser ekwinxalenye engundoqo ephakathi ivelisa i-keyhole (60% yamandla e-laser), kwaye i-laser ekwinxalenye ye-ring iqinisekisa ukusasazwa kobushushu okuhle (40% yamandla e-laser), njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso (b). Ubude be-focal be-collimator kunye ne-focusing lens yi-138 mm kunye ne-450 mm, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda, ikhamera yesantya esiphezulu yePhantom V1840 kunye nomthombo wokukhanya we-Cavilux oqhelekileyo ophezulu zisetyenzisiwe ukujonga inkqubo yokuwelda ngexesha langempela, ngesantya sokudubula se-5000 fps kunye nexesha lokuvezwa le-1 μs. Kolu phononongo, indlela yokujika kwe-circular beam, indlela yokuhamba nge-laser, kunye nesantya esikhawulezileyo zichazwe njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso.

4 Iziphumo kunye nengxoxo

4.1 Iimpawu zeMofology yeWeld Iimofology zomphezulu weld phantsi kweendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-laser oscillation ziboniswe kumfanekiso. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba umphezulu weld weld weld eqhelekileyo ethe tye irhabaxa (uburhabaxa be-78.01 μm), kunye nokuqhubeka okungalunganga kwe-weld ripples kunye nokusasazeka kwe-weld okwaneleyo. Ukwakheka kwe-weld okwaneleyo, ukuchitheka okukhulu, kunye nokunqunyulwa okungaphantsi nako kwabonwa. Ngokunyuka kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation kunye ne-frequency, umphezulu we-weld ubonisa amanqanaba eentlanzi axineneyo nafanayo. Uburhabaxa bomphezulu we-welds kunye ne-amplitude ye-oscillation ye-0.5 mm, 1 mm, kunye ne-2 mm yi-80.71 μm, 49.63 μm, kunye ne-31.12 μm, ngokwahlukeneyo. Akukho ziphazamiso okanye ukuvela okubangelwa yi-spatter. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-frequency ephezulu ye-oscillation ikhokelela ekuhambeni rhoqo kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo, isiphumo esinamandla sokushukumisa se-laser beam, kunye nomphezulu weld ofanelekileyo ngakumbi. Ngokusisiseko, imilo ye-laser weld inxulumene nentshukumo yomqadi we-laser. Ngexesha lokuwelda, utshintsho kwi-amplitude ye-oscillation kunye ne-frequency lutshintsha isantya se-welding, ngaloo ndlela luchaphazela uxinano lwamandla oluhambelanayo kunye nokufakwa kobushushu obupheleleyo be-laser. I-morphology ye-cross-sectional ye-weld imile okwe-"goblet", equlathe amacandelo amabini: inxalenye esezantsi "yi-stem", kwaye inxalenye ephezulu "yisitya". Ubunzulu bokungena kunye "nesiqu" zichazwa njenge-H1 kunye ne-H2, ngokwahlukeneyo, kwaye ububanzi be-weld ("isitya") kunye "nesiqu" zichazwa njenge-W1 kunye ne-W2, ngokwahlukeneyo. Zombini ububanzi be-weld i-W1 kunye ne-W2 ziyanda ngokulandelelana kokwanda kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation, kwaye i-morphology ye-weld iguquka kancinci ukusuka kwi-"goblet" ukuya kwi-"crescent". Uxinano olukhulu lwamandla e-laser luvela kwindawo egqithanayo ye-trajectory. Xa kuthelekiswa iMifanekiso (b, d) kunye no (c, e), kunokubonwa ukuba ukwanda kwesantya sokuskena kuya kwandisa indawo yokugquma kwendlela ecaleni kwendlela yokuskena, okwenza usasazo lwamandla elaser lufane ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuncitshiswa kobuninzi bamandla kuya kukhokelela ekunciphiseni ubunzulu be-weld.

4.2 Indlela Yokuziphatha Kwechibi Elinyibilikisiweyo Ukuze kucaciswe impembelelo yendlela yokuskena kwindlela yokuziphatha kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo, kusetyenziswe inkqubo yekhamera ekhawulezayo ukujonga inkqubo yokuguquka kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nomngxuma wesikhiye. Umfanekiso (a) ubonisa inkqubo yokuguquka kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo phantsi kwendlela ethe tye. Imifanekiso (bf) yimizobo yokuguquka kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo phantsi kweeparamitha ezahlukeneyo zokushukuma. Ngokunyuka kwamaza okushukuma kunye nobukhulu, inxalenye engasemva kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo iba yingqukuva ngenxa yokwanda kobubanzi bechibi elinyibilikisiweyo. Njengoko ubude bechibi elinyibilikisiweyo bukhula, ukuguquguquka komphezulu okubangelwa kukuqhuma kwesitshixo kuyancipha ngexesha lokusasazeka ngasemva. Ke ngoko, isinyithi solwelo esinyibilikisiweyo siqina kakuhle kwaye rhoqo kwisiphelo esingasemva sechibi elinyibilikisiweyo, senza izikali zeentlanzi ezifanayo nezixineneyo. Umfanekiso ubonisa utshintsho lwendawo yokuvula isitshixo ngexesha lokushukuma nge-laser, oluvela kwimifanekiso yefoto ekhawulezayo yechibi elinyibilikisiweyo. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso (a), ngexesha lokushukuma komgca othe tye, ubungakanani bokuvula isitshixo bubonisa ukuguquguquka okucacileyo. Kuye kwabonwa iimeko ezininzi zokuvalwa kwemingxuma yesitshixo (0 mm²), apho indawo yokuvula imingxuma yesitshixo iphakathi kwe-0.47 mm². Ukwanda kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation kunokunciphisa ukuguquguquka nokuphucula uzinzo. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-oscillating welding, inxalenye enkulu yamandla isasazwa kumacala omabini. Ke ngoko, indawo yokukhupha kwimingxuma yesitshixo iyanda, kwaye i-amplitude ye-oscillation iyanda, ngaloo ndlela yandisa indawo yokuvula. Ukwanda kwe-amplitude kwandisa uluhlu lokuxuba lwe-laser beam, okukhokelela ekwandiseni i-radius yentshukumo yexesha le-keyhole. Ngenxa ye-viscosity yesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydrodynamic olusebenza kufutshane nodonga lwe-keyhole, intshukumo yamandla e-eddy yenzeka kwi-welding enyibilikisiweyo echibini kufutshane nokuvulwa kwe-keyhole. Ukwandiswa kwendawo yokuvula i-keyhole kuphucula uzinzo lwayo, kuthintele ukwakheka kwamaqamza, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintela kakhulu i-porosity.

4.3 Ulwakhiwo oluncinci Lo mfanekiso ubonisa imo ye-EBSD yecandelo elinqamlezileyo le-weld phantsi kwamaza ahlukeneyo e-oscillation kunye ne-amplitudes. Kufuphi nomgca wokudibanisa we-laser weld, iinkozo ze-columnar dendrite zikhula ziye embindini we-weld. Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso (a), phakathi kweendawo "zesitya" kunye "neziqu", umahluko ocacileyo kukusasazwa kweenkozo ze-columnar unokubonwa. Iinkozo ze-columnar zisasazwa ngendlela ye-U ecaleni kodonga "lwesitya", ngelixa kummandla "wesiqu", iinkozo ze-columnar zisasazwa ngendlela ye-U ecaleni komgca wokudibanisa. Ngexesha lokuqina kwe-weld, iinkozo eziqinisiweyo kancinci kwindawo yokudibanisa zisebenza njengeendawo ze-nucleation zangaphambili zokuqina kwaye zikhula ngokuthe ngqo kumda wedama elinyibilikisiweyo ecaleni kwendlela ephezulu yobushushu. Le nto yenzeka kuba uxinano lwamandla aphezulu e-laser lukhokelela ekutshiseni ngaphakathi kwidama lokudibanisa. I-gradient ephezulu yobushushu i-G kunye nesantya sokukhula esiphakathi i-R yenza i-G/R ibe nkulu kunomda wokuguqulwa kwe-microstructure, okubangela ukwakheka kweenkozo ze-columnar. I-gradient yobushushu i-G kwiziko le-weld iyancipha, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umlinganiselo we-G/R wehle kancinci kancinci ngaphantsi komda wokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo, utshintshela kwiinkozo ezilinganayo. Iinkozo ezilinganayo zifumaneka kwiindawo eziphakathi "zesitya" kunye "nesiqu". Ekubeni "isiqu" se-weld sincinci kwaye sikufutshane nezinto ezisisiseko, siqina ngokupheleleyo phambi kwendawo "yesitya" ngexesha lokupholisa. Inxalenye "yesiqu" esiqinileyo isebenza njengendawo ye-nucleation ezantsi "kwesitya", ikhuthaza ukukhula okuphezulu kweenkozo ze-columnar. Umfanekiso ubonisa iinkqubo ze-welding ezithe tye kunye ne-oscillating. Kuboniswa ukuba utshintsho oluqhubekayo lwesikhundla se-laser beam kwi-welding ye-laser oscillating luya kwandisa ubude bedama eliphakathi elinyibilikisiweyo, luphinde lunyibilikise isinyithi esele siqinile, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunciphiseni izinga lokukhula kweenkozo r. Oku kunokukhokelela ekunciphiseni i-G/R kwindawo yengqolowa elinganayo esezantsi.

4.4 Ukusasazwa kwePorosity I-X-ray tomography enemilinganiselo emithathu isetyenzisiwe ukwenza uhlolo olupheleleyo lwe-weld, ukufumana ukusasazwa kwe-pores enemilinganiselo emithathu kwi-weld, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso. I-Porosity ibalwa njengomthamo opheleleyo wee-pores owahlulwe ngumthamo opheleleyo we-weld. Ngokuthelekisa imo ye-pore kunye nokusasazwa kwee-welds ze-laser ezithe tye kunye nee-welds ze-circular laser oscillating, kufunyaniswe ukuba ii-welds ze-laser ezithe tye ziqulathe ii-pores ezinkulu, ezine-porosity ye-2.49%, ephezulu kakhulu kuneye-circular.ii-welds ezitshintshayo nge-laser. Ngokuthelekisa iMifanekiso (b, c) kunye (d, e), kunokubonwa ukuba ukwandisa i-oscillation frequency kunceda ukuthintela ukwakheka kwee-pores. Ukuthelekisa iMifanekiso (b, d) kunye (c, e), kunokubonwa ukuba ukwanda kwe-oscillation amplitude kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ukwakheka kwee-pores. Xa i-oscillation amplitude inyuswa ngakumbi ukuya kwi-2 mm (Umfanekiso (f)), i-porosity incitshiswa ngakumbi ukuya kwi-0.22%, ishiya kuphela ii-pores ezincinci kunye nezincinci. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ukusasazwa kwendawo yee-pore kumgama owahlukileyo ukusuka kumgca ophakathi we-weld, omele i-porosity ngokusekelwe kubukhulu bendawo yee-pore. Kwi-welding ethe tye, indawo yee-pore isasazwa ngokulinganayo kumgca ophakathi we-weld, kwaye iyancipha kancinci kancinci ngokunyuka komgama ukusuka kumgca ophakathi we-weld. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ii-pores ezibangelwa yi-keyhole zigxile kakhulu emva kwe-后壁 yedama elinyibilikisiweyo kumgca ophakathi we-weld. Kwi-welding ye-laser oscillating, ulungelelwaniso lokusasazwa kwee-pore luba buthathaka. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa indawo yembobo kumgama owahlukileyo ukusuka kumphezulu we-weld, apho umgca obomvu umele umda phakathi kweendawo "zesitya" kunye "neziqu". Kwimeko yembobo ezinkulu ezilawulayo (Imifanekiso (ac)), indawo yembobo engaphezulu komda ingaphezulu kwe-85%. Oku kungenxa yokuba utshintsho lwe-contour kumda omde we-itudinal lunokwenzeka ukubamba amaqamza kwidama le-weld, kwaye amaqamza abambekileyo athanda ukufuduka aye phezulu phantsi kwempembelelo yokubhabha. Kwimeko yembobo ezincinci ezilawulayo (Imifanekiso (df)), iimbobo zixinene kwindawo ngaphakathi kwe-0.5 mm ngaphantsi komgca womda. Ixesha elifutshane lokupholisa kunye nokufuduka okuncinci ukuya phezulu kunokuba zizizathu zale meko.

5 Izigqibo

(1) Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujika kwelaser zinemiphumo ebonakalayo kumphezulu wokuwelda. Ukuphakama okuphezulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kunokuphucula umgangatho womphezulu, ngelixa iiparameter zokujika okukhulu kakhulu zinokunyusa uburhabaxa kwaye zibangele iziphene ezigobileyo.

(2) Ubume be-weld buxhomekeke kakhulu kwiiparamitha ze-laser oscillation, ezichaphazela isantya se-welding, ukusasazwa kwamandla, kunye nokufakwa kobushushu obupheleleyo. Ngokunyuka kwe-amplitude ye-oscillation, imo ye-weld iyatshintsha ukusuka kwi-"goblet" ukuya kwi-"crescent", kwaye umlinganiselo we-aspect uyancipha.

(3) Njengoko i-oscillation amplitude kunye ne-frequency zisanda, ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo liba banzi kwaye inxalenye engasemva iba yingqukuva. Isiphumo se-oscillation sonyusa ubude bechibi elinyibilikisiweyo, eliluncedo ekuphumeni kwamaqamza kunye nokuqina okufanayo. Ngexesha le-welding ethe tye, indawo yokuvula i-keyhole iyatshintshatshintsha; xa sithetha ngoku, olu tshintsho lunokuncipha, luphucule uzinzo lwe-welding.

(4) Ukwandisa ubukhulu kunye nokuphindaphinda kwe-oscillation kunciphisa zombini i-gradient yobushushu kunye nesantya sokukhula, nto leyo eluncedo ekwakhiweni kobukhulu beenkozo ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, isiphumo sokuvuselela nge-laser siluncedo ekucoceni ubungakanani beenkozo kunye nokuphucula amandla okuthungwa. Phantsi kweeparamitha ezahlukeneyo ze-laser, ubunzima be-weld buhlala buzinzile, buphantsi kancinci kunobo bezinto ezisisiseko, ezinokubangelwa kukulahleka kwe-magnesium ephumayo.

(5) I-X-ray tomography enemilinganiselo emithathu ibonisa ukuba ukuwelda okuthe tye kune-porosity ephezulu (2.49%) kunye nomthamo omkhulu we-pore kune-oscillating welding. Ukwandisa iiparameter ze-oscillation kunokunciphisa kakhulu i-porosity, kude kufikelelwe kwi-0.22% xa ubukhulu be-amplitude buyi-2 mm. Ukusasazwa kwendawo ye-pore kuyatshintsha ngokunyuka: ii-pore ezinkulu zihlangana ngasemva kwechibi elinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye ii-pore ezincinci zinomlinganiso ongcono. Ii-pore ezinkulu zisasazwe ngaphezulu komda phakathi kweendawo "zesitya" kunye "ne-stem", ngelixa ii-pore ezincinci zixinene ngaphantsi komda.