Indibano yokuWelda
1. Umsantsa wokuhlanganisa kunye nokungalungelelani
Umgangatho wokuhlanganiswa ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokuwelda. Izikhewu ezigqithisileyo zokuhlanganiswa okanye ukungalungelelani kunokubangela iziphene ezifana nokutsha, ukwakheka okungalunganga kokuwelda, kunye nokungena okungaphelelanga. Izikhewu zokuhlanganiswa kwe-fillet kunye namalungu e-butt kufuneka zibe ncinci kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Itheyibhile 8-2 idwelisa iimfuno zezithuba kunye nokungalungelelani kwi-laser autogenous welding ephathwayo.
Ukuqinisekisa ubungakanani bezinto zokusebenza, ukunciphisa ukuguquka, kunye nokuthintela ukungalungelelani kwendawo eza kudityaniswa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwe-torsional ngexesha lokudityaniswa, ukudityaniswa kwe-tack kudla ngokufuneka ngaphambi kokudityaniswa. Indlela efanayo yenkqubo efana nokudityaniswa kwe-formal welding isetyenziswa kwi-assembly tack welding. Ubude be-tack welds yi-20–30mm, kwaye iimfuno zomgangatho we-tack welds (umz., ubunzulu bokungena kunye nobubanzi) ziphantsi kunezo ze-formal welding. Isantya sokuhamba esikhawulezayo sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-tack welding kune-formal welding. Ngokwesiseko sokuqinisekisa uqhagamshelo oluthembekileyo lwe-tack welds, ukudityaniswa kwe-tack welds kufuneka kube tyaba, kube kude, kwaye kube kuncinci, kwaye akufuneki kube kukhulu kakhulu, kubanzi, okanye kuphakame. Ukudityaniswa kwe-tack kukwafuna ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe i-oxidation.
3. Izixhobo kunye neeClamps
Ukuwelda nge-laser kusetyenziswa kakhuluukuwelda ngepleyiti encinci. Kwi-thin-plate welding, i-welding idla ngokwenziwa kwicala langaphambili le-workpiece, kunye nokunyibilika okwaneleyo kwicala langasemva ukuze kufezekiswe i-weld yangasemva eyenziwe kakuhle. Ukukhetha iiparameter: ukufakwa kobushushu obuphantsi kunokubangela ukudibana okungaphelelanga ngasemva; ukufakwa kobushushu obuphezulu, ngelixa kuqinisekiswa ukungena ngokupheleleyo ngasemva, kunokukhokelela ekutshisweni ngenxa yobunzima besinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo okanye ububanzi bokunyibilika obungalinganiyo xa kuthelekiswa nobukhulu be-workpiece. Ukuthintela ukutsha, ukuba i-workpiece ivumela ukuxinwa, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izixhobo zokubopha i-workpiece ngexesha le-thin-plate welding—ukucinezela icala langaphambili kunye nokubeka ipleyiti yobhedu okanye yentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwicala langasemva. Oku kuthintela utshintsho kwizithuba zendibano okanye ukungalungelelani okubangelwa kukuguquguquka kwe-welding kwaye kuthintela ukuwohloka kobushushu. Xa i-workpiece inokutshatyalaliswa kobushushu okungalinganiyo kwiindawo ngeendawo ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo, ukusebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisela ukutshatyalaliswa kobushushu nako kuyasebenza, kujoliswe ekwenzeni ii-welds ezinobukhulu obufanayo kumacala angaphambili nangasemva.
Ukukhethwa kweeParamitha zokuWelda
Ngokubanzi, iiparameter zokuwelda nge-laser ziquka amandla e-laser, ububanzi be-laser pulse, ubungakanani be-defocus, isantya sokuwelda, kunye negesi yokukhusela.
1. Amandla eLaser
Kukho uxinano lwamandla elaser oluphakathi kwi-laser welding. Ngaphantsi kwalo mngcelelo, ubunzulu bokungena buphantsi; xa sele bufikelelwe okanye budlulile, ubunzulu bokungena buyanda kakhulu. I-Plasma iveliswa kuphela xa uxinano lwamandla elaser kwindawo yokusebenza ludlula umngcelelo, nto leyo ebonisa ukujiya okuzinzileyo kokungena. Ngaphantsi komngcelelo, kwenzeka kuphela ukunyibilika komphezulu (ukujiya okuzinzileyo kokuqhuba ubushushu). Kufuphi nemeko ebalulekileyo yokwakheka kwe-keyhole, ukungena okunzulu kunye nokutshintshana kwe-heat conduction welding, okubangela inkqubo engazinzile kunye nokuguquguquka okukhulu kubunzulu bokungena. Amandla elaser yenye yezona parameter zibalulekileyo ekucutshungulweni kwelaser kwaye sisizathu esibalulekileyo sobunzulu bokungena kwe-weld. Kwi-fixed focused spot diameter, uxinano lwamandla elaser luhambelana namandla elaser: amandla aphezulu andisa ubunzulu bokungena kunye nesantya sokufaka i-welding. Nangona kunjalo, amandla agqithisileyo abangela ukugqithiswa okukhulu kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo, andisa ububanzi be-weld kunye nendawo echaphazeleka bubushushu (HAZ), kwaye akhokelela ekuchithekeni okungakumbi, okunokungcolisa ilensi yokujiya. Ngamandla aphezulu, umaleko womphezulu unokufudunyezwa uye kwinqanaba lokubila kwaye utshiswe kakhulu kwi-microseconds, okwenza ukuba ube ngowona ufanelekileyo kwiinkqubo zokususa izinto ezifana nokubhoboza, ukusika, kunye nokukrola. Xa amandla ephantsi, umphezulu uthatha ii-milliseconds ukufikelela kwinqanaba lokubila, kwaye umaleko ongaphantsi uyanyibilika ngaphambi kokuba umphezulu ube ngumphunga, nto leyo eququzelela ukuwelda okuhle kwe-fusion.
2. Ububanzi beLaser Pulse
Ububanzi be-laser pulse, okanye "ububanzi be-pulse," yiparameter ephambili kwi-pulsed laser welding. Imiselwa bubunzulu bokungena kunye ne-HAZ: ububanzi be-pulse obude buyandisa i-HAZ, kwaye ubunzulu bokungena buyanda ngengcambu yesikwere yobubanzi be-pulse. Nangona kunjalo, ububanzi be-pulse obude buyanciphisa amandla e-peak, ngoko ke zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuwelda ubushushu, zenze ii-welds ezibanzi, ezingaphantsi-ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi kwiindawo zokujikeleza zeepleyiti ezincinci nezityebileyo. Nangona kunjalo, amandla e-peak aphantsi abangela ubushushu obugqithisileyo, kwaye isixhobo ngasinye sinobubanzi be-pulse obufanelekileyo bobunzulu bokungena obuphezulu.
3.Ukukhethwa kweSixa sokuSusa uQokelelo
Indawo egxile kuyo ibaluleke kakhuluukuwelda nge-laser fusionXa ugxininiso lungaphezulu komphezulu we-workpiece, ubunzulu bokungena buncinci, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuwelda ngokunzulu. Xa ugxininiso lungaphantsi komphezulu, uxinano lwamandla ngaphakathi kwe-workpiece luphezulu kunomphezulu, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukunyibilika okunamandla kunye nokufuma, okuvumela amandla ukuba adlulele nzulu kwi-workpiece kwaye andise ubunzulu bokungena. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ze-defocus: i-positive defocus (i-focus plane engaphezulu kwe-workpiece) kunye ne-negative defocus (i-focus plane engaphantsi kwe-workpiece). Ngokwesiqhelo, kwiiplati ezixineneyo ezifuna ubunzulu obukhulu bokungena, kusetyenziswa i-negative defocus, kunye ne-laser focus eqhelekileyo i-1–2mm ngaphantsi komphezulu we-workpiece. Kwiiplati ezincinci, i-positive defocus iyathandwa, kunye ne-focus 1–1.5mm ngaphezulu komphezulu.
4. Isantya sokuWelding
Xa ezinye iiparameter zilungisiwe, ubunzulu bokungena buyancipha njengoko isantya sokuwelda sisanda, ngelixa ukusebenza kakuhle kuphucuka. Isantya esiphezulu kakhulu asihlangabezani neemfuno zokungena; isantya esiphantsi kakhulu sibangela ukunyibilika kakhulu, ukuwelda okubanzi, ukugqithisa kakhulu kwe-HAZ, kunye nokwanda kokuthanda ukuqhekeka kobushushu.iwelding yelaser eshukumayo, isantya sikwamiselwa bubuninzi be-pulse frequency kunye ne-spot overlap efunekayo—spot nganye elandelayo ye-pulse kufuneka ihambelane ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba elithile. Ke ngoko, kumandla e-laser athile kunye nobukhulu bezinto, kukho uluhlu lwesantya olufanelekileyo, apho ubunzulu bokungena obuphezulu bufikelelwa khona ngesantya esithile.
5. Igesi yokukhusela
Iigesi ezingasebenziyo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo ngexesha lokuwelda nge-laser. Nangona ezinye izinto zisenokungadingi ukhuseleko kwi-oxidation yomphezulu, uninzi lwezicelo ziyakwenza oko. Ngokwesiko, i-Ar, i-N₂, kunye ne-He zisetyenziselwa ukuwelda nge-laser ye-aluminium alloy ukuthintela ukuwohloka. Ngokwethiyori, i-He yeyona ilula kakhulu enegunya eliphezulu le-ionization, kodwa ngamandla aphantsi kunye nesantya esiphezulu, i-plasma ibuthathaka, nto leyo enciphisa umahluko phakathi kweegesi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo, i-N₂ ibangela ukwakheka kwe-keyhole ngokulula ngenxa yeempendulo ze-exothermic kunye ne-Al; ii-Al-NO ternary compounds eziphumayo zine-laser absorption ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-N₂ ecocekileyo yenza ii-brittle Al-N phases kunye nee-pores kwi-welds. Iigesi ezingasebenziyo, njengoko zilula, ziyaphuma ngaphandle kokubangela ii-pores, okwenza iigesi ezixutyiweyo zisebenze ngakumbi. Kutshanje, uphando malunga nokuwelda nge-laser ye-Al kusetyenziswa imixube ye-Ar-O₂ kunye ne-N₂-O₂ luye lwanda.
6. Ukufunxwa kwezinto
Ukufunxwa kwamandla e-laser kwizinto kuxhomekeke kwiimpawu ezifana nokufunxwa, ukubonakalisa ukukhanya, ukuqhuba kobushushu, ubushushu bokunyibilika, kunye nobushushu bokufuma, kwaye ukufunxwa kweyona nto ibalulekileyo. Izinto ezichaphazela ukufunxwa ziquka:
Ukumelana nombane: Kwiindawo ezikhazimlisiweyo, ukufunxwa kuxhomekeke kwingcambu yesikwere yokumelana, eyahluka ngokweqondo lobushushu.
Imeko yomphezulu: Ichaphazela kakhulu ukufunxwa kwayo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iziphumo zokuwelda.
Iingcebiso Zokusebenza kunye Nee-Taboos Zokuwelda Nge-Fiber Laser Ephathwayo
1. Ziphephe imitha ye-Arc
Abawelda be-laser yefayibha ephathwayoSebenzisa i-laser yefayibha yeklasi yesi-4 ekhupha imitha (1080±3)nm enamandla okukhupha angaphezulu kwe-1000W (kuxhomekeke kwimodeli). Ukuvezwa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kunokonakalisa amehlo okanye ulusu. Nangona ingabonakali, umqadi unokubangela umonakalo ongenakuguqulwa kwi-retina okanye kwi-cornea. Nxiba izibuko zokhuseleko ze-laser eziqinisekisiweyo rhoqo xa i-laser isebenza. Ungaze ujonge ngqo entlokweni yokukhupha ngelixa i-laser ivuliwe, nokuba usebenzisa iiglasi zokukhusela.
2. Ukuseta iiParamitha zokuWelda
Beka amandla aphantsi e-laser kwisikrini sokuchukumisa (njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 8-2). Beka umlomo wobhedu wentloko yokuwelda kwisixhobo sokusebenza kwaye ucinezele iswitshi yetotshi ukuze ukhuphe i-laser yokuwelda. Iiparameter eziqhelekileyo: i-frequency ye-laser yi-5000Hz, isantya se-galvanometer yi-300–600, ukulibaziseka kwegesi >100ms, umjikelo womsebenzi we-100% wokukhupha okuqhubekayo. Lungisa ububanzi be-weld ngokusekelwe kwizikhewu zendibano; amandla ahlengahlengiswa ukusuka kwi-0–1000W (0–100% yobuninzi). Emva kokufaka iiparameter, cofa u-“Kulungile” kwaye ugcine ukuze useto lusebenze.
4. Musa Ukunyusa Isantya Sokuwelda Ngokugqithisileyo
Ii-welds zenziwa ngokushukumisa umthombo we-laser (jonga uMfanekiso 8-3). Ubunzulu nobubanzi buxhomekeke kwisantya namandla, ngesantya esiqhelekileyo se-1-3 m/min, zivelisa iindawo ezigudileyo, ezingenazikali ezinomlinganiselo we-aspect <1. Kwi-current kunye ne-voltage esisigxina, isantya esitshintshayo sichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo igalelo lobushushu, ukutshintsha ukungena kunye nobubanzi. Isantya esiphezulu kakhulu sibangela ukufudumeza okwaneleyo, okukhokelela ekungeneni okunciphileyo, ububanzi obuncinci, ukunqunyulwa okungaphantsi, ii-pores, kunye nokungena okungaphelelanga.
Ukucoca ngoomatshini: Sebenzisa iibhrashi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye amavili ahamba ngomoya ukususa ii-oxides de kugqitywe ngombala omhlophe oqaqambileyo. Yitshise kwangoko emva kokuyitshise; yitshise kwakhona ukuba ukutshiselela kulibaziseke ngaphezulu kweeyure ezingama-36.
Ukucoca ngamakhemikhali: Susa ii-oxides usebenzisa ii-chemical reactions (iindlela ziyahluka ngokwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo). Itheyibhile 8-3 idwelisa iindlela zokucoca ngamakhemikhali kwii-alloys ze-aluminium. Susa ioyile/uthuli ngezinyibilikisi ze-organic (ipetroli, i-isopropyl alcohol) ngokuyifunxa, ukuyisula, nokomisa.
5.Nciphisa i-Porosity
Iimbobo zehydrogen zixhaphakile kwi-aluminium alloy laser welding. Zinciphise ngokususa umswakama womphezulu, ioyile, kunye nee-oxides. Ukwandisa ixesha lokupholisa ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo (ngokwandisa ububanzi be-pulse) kunceda iigesi ziphume, njengoko umjikelo wobushushu okhawulezayo we-laser welding uthintela ukukhululwa kwegesi. Kuphephe ukujolisa okanye izikhundla ze-negative defocus, apho iimpendulo zechibi elinyibilikisiweyo ezinamandla kunye nomphunga we-alloy wonyusa i-porosity; sebenzisa amandla athambileyo nge-adjusted defocus ukunciphisa umphunga.
6. Nika ingqalelo kwindlela oma ngayo iTorch
Iitotshi zelaser eziphathwa ngesandla (jonga uMfanekiso 8-4) zinzima kuneetotshi zeTIG kwaye zineentambo eziqinileyo, nto leyo ebangela ukudinwa komqhubi. Kwi-welding ende, bamba itotshi ngezandla zombini, gcina umlomo unxibelelana nesixhobo sokusebenza, ulungelelanise i-weld ngokubonakalayo, kwaye utsale itotshi ngokuthe chu kuwe. Lungisa ukuma ngokusekelwe kwindawo yokuwelda ukuze unciphise ukudinwa kunye nokubalwa kwamalungu.
7. Thintela ukwenzakala ngeLaser
Ukusebenza ngendlela engafanelekanga kunokubangela iingozi. Landela le mithetho:
Ungaze ujonge intloko ye-laser output ngexesha lokusebenza.
Musa ukusebenzisaiileyiza zefayibhakwiindawo ezimnyama/ezimnyama.
Ungaze ujolise itotshi ebantwini xa isixhobo sisebenza.
Sebenzisa izithintelo zesinyithi ngaphakathi kwe-3m ukusuka kwindawo yokuwelda.
Nika abasebenzi kuphela umda wokufikelela kwindawo yokuwelda.
Nxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela (iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo, iimaski, iiglavu eziqinisekisiweyo). Ungaze ujonge intloko yokukhupha ngelixa i-laser ivuliwe, nokuba usebenzisa iiglasi zokukhusela amehlo.
Phatha itotshi kunye nentambo ngononophelo (ubuncinane berediyasi yokugoba >200mm).
Cima isitshixo sokukhupha i-laser xa singasetyenziswa.
Qinisekisa umgangatho we-nozzle ukuze ukhuseleke ngokufanelekileyo ngegesi:
Iindonga zangaphakathi ezithambileyo, ezixineneyo nge-laser.
Buyisela imilomo ekhubazekileyo ngokukhawuleza ukuze ugcine intshukumo yetotshi izinzile.
Ubungakanani bokuvula kwe-nozzle (jonga uMfanekiso 8-6) buchaphazela umgangatho we-weld: ii-openings ezinkulu ziyandisa ukuhamba kwegesi, zikhawulezisa ukuqina kwaye zinyusa iingozi zokuqhekeka/ukuqhekeka.
8. Ziphephe ii-Alloys eziKhawulezayo nezinobuthathaka
Ukuwelda nge-laser ephathwa ngesandlaisebenzisa izibane ze-galvanometer ezizenzekelayo, ezingenazingcingo, nezijikelezayo. Isantya esiphezulu sinciphisa ukungena, sinciphisa ukuwelda, sibangela ukunqunyulwa, kwaye siphazamise ukugqunywa kwegesi yokukhusela, nto leyo eyenza ukhuseleko lube lubi ngakumbi. Sebenzisa isantya esiphantsi kwii-alloys ezinobuthathaka kwiingceba.
9. Qinisekisa ukuba uMgangatho oManyeneyo
Umahluko kubushushu kunye nokuwelda okungenazingcingo kunokubangela ukutsha, iicraters, okanye iicraters. Welding rhoqo ukunciphisa ukumisa; ukuba ukuma akunakuphepheka (umz., utshintsho lwendawo, ukuwelda okuhlukeneyo), cotha kancinci (10mm) ngaphambi kokuba ume ukuze uthintele iicraters. Qala kwakhona i-20mm emva kwecrater yangaphambili ukuze ujongane nomgangatho kunye nomgangatho.
10. Landela iNtshukumo yeTotshi efanelekileyo
Tsala itotshi uye kuwe (ukusuka kude ukuya kufutshane) ngaphandle kokushukuma ecaleni. Gcina isantya esizinzileyo ngelixa ujonga ukwakheka kwe-weld rhoqo. Kwi-welding ethe nkqo, sebenzisa uhambo oluya ezantsi (hayi phezulu) ukuze usebenzise ukuqina okukhawulezayo kwaye uqinisekise intshukumo ezinzileyo.
11. Kuphephe ukunqunyulwa okungaphantsi, izihlunu ezincinci, kunye nokudilika kwi-Lap Welds
Kwi-lap welds, lungisa i-engile ye-laser incidence ukuze i-galvanometer igubungele i-2/3 yepleyiti ethe nkqo (jonga uMfanekiso 8-7). Oku kunyibilikisa ipleyiti ethe nkqo (njenge-filler) kunye ne-1/3 yepleyiti esisiseko ngokuqhuba ubushushu, kwenze i-weld enobukhulu obaneleyo emva kokupholisa. I-lap welds ezingalunganga zinciphisa amandla amalunga, zinciphise ukumelana nokuqhekeka, okanye zibangele ukusilela kwesakhiwo—thintela ukunqunyulwa okungaphantsi.
12. Yehlisa ukuKhanya kwi-Aluminium Alloy Welding
I-Aluminiyam ibonakalisa amandla e-laser angama-60–98%. Ukukhanya kwe-reflectivity kwehla kakhulu kwindawo yokunyibilika kwaye kuzinze xa kunyibilika. Ukufunxwa kwe-influence kuncipha ngokunyuka kwe-incidence angle; ukufunxwa okuphezulu kwenzeka xa kusenzeka okuqhelekileyo (lungisa ukhuseleko lwelensi). Nciphisa ukukhanya kwe-reflectivity ngokususa ii-oxides ngokucoca ngoomatshini/ngeekhemikhali.
13. Ukusetyenziswa kwegesi yokukhusela ngendlela efanelekileyo
Igesi yokukhusela ichaphazela ukwakheka kwe-weld, ukungena kwayo, kunye nobubanzi. Uninzi lweegesi luphucula umgangatho kodwa lunokuba neengxaki:
I-Ar: Amandla aphantsi e-ionization, ukwakheka kwe-plasma ephezulu (kunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-laser) kodwa ayisebenzi, ayibizi kakhulu, kwaye ixinene—igubungela kakuhle ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo (elilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi).
I-N₂: Amandla e-ionization aphakathi (anciphisa i-plasma ngcono kune-Ar), kodwa aphendula ngentsimbi ye-aluminium/carbon ukuze enze ii-nitrides ezibuthathaka, nto leyo enciphisa ukuqina (akukhuthazwa kwezi zinto). Ifanelekile kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, apho ii-nitrides zonyusa amandla.
14. Izinga lokuhamba kwegesi elikhuselayo
Igesi ikhutshwa nge-nozzle ngoxinzelelo oluthile. Uyilo lwe-hydrodynamic ye-nozzle kunye nobubanzi be-outlet bubalulekile: bukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukugubungela i-weld, kodwa buthintelwe ukuthintela ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo (okutsala umoya kwaye kubangele ukubola). Kwi-laser welding ephathwayo, izinga lokuhamba eliqhelekileyo yi-7L/min. Ukuhamba okugqithisileyo kudibanisa ukungcola kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, okuphazamisa ubumsulwa begesi—khetha izinga lokuhamba elifanelekileyo.
15. Indawo yokugxila kwiLaser
Indawo yokugxila: Eyona ndawo incinci, amandla aphezulu—ukusetyenziswaukuwelda indawookanye amandla aphantsi, iimfuno ezincinci zobukhulu bendawo (jonga uMfanekiso 8-8).
Ukungajolisi kakuhle: Indawo enkulu (iyanda xa umgama usuka kwindawo ejolisiweyo)—ifanelekile kwi-deep penetration continuous welding kunye ne-deep spot welding.
Ukususa ukugxila okuhle: Indawo enkulu (iyanda ngomgama ukusuka ekugxileni)—ifanelekile ukutywinwa komphezulu okanye ukuwelda okuqhubekayo okungena ngaphantsi.
Ulawulo lokuwelda ngokupheleleyo: Utshintsho oluncinci lombala ngasemva lubonisa umgangatho olungileyo; amanqaku/ukungena okucacileyo kubangela ukuchitheka okanye imingxunya enzulu kwiwelda eqhubekayo. Lungisa ukugxila, amandla, kunye nokwakheka kwamaza ngokusekelwe kwiisampuli. Sebenzisa amabala amancinci kwizinto ezincinci ukuze uphephe ukutsha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-21-2025
