1.1 Ukuwelda ngeLaser Kuthatha indawo ephakathi kweli shishini, kunamathuba okukhula angcono kunokusika nokumakisha.
Izixhobo zokuwelda nge-laserikwindawo ephakathi kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso. Indawo ephezulu kwikhonkco lemizi-mveliso yelaser ibandakanya izixhobo ezibonakalayo, izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nezixhobo, iindawo zoomatshini, njl. Indawo ephakathi ibandakanya iilaser kunye nezixhobo zelaser. Iilaser zezona zinto ziphambili kwizixhobo zelaser, kwaye izixhobo zokucubungula ilaser ziquka ikakhulu ukusika ilaser, ukuwelda ilaser, kunye nezixhobo zokumakisha ilaser. Iindawo ezisezantsi ziquka iibhetri zelithium, ii-semiconductors, ii-photovoltaics, ii-electronics zabathengi, njl.
Imarike yelaser inamandla amakhulu, kunye nezicelo ze-fiber lasers ezilawulayo, ngelixa ii-solid-state lasers zifanelekile kwi-micro-machining encinci. Ngokwezibalo zeLaser Focus World, ubungakanani bemarike yelaser yehlabathi bunyuke ukusuka kwi-$13.07 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2017 ukuya kwi-$16.01 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2020, nge-CAGR ye-13.37%. Xa kuthelekiswa, imarike yelaser yaseTshayina ikhule ukusuka kwi-$6.95 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2017 ukuya kwi-$10.91 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2020, nge-CAGR ye-16.22%. Ukususela ngo-2017 ukuya ku-2020, isabelo seTshayina kwimarike yelaser yehlabathi sinyuke ukusuka kwi-53.2% ukuya kwi-68.1%. Ngo-2020, ii-industrial lasers zaba yi-32.2% yemarike yelaser yehlabathi, okwenza icandelo lezoshishino libe lolona setyenziso luphambili. Zihlelwe ngokwe-gain medium, ii-laser ziquka ikakhulu ii-fiber lasers, ii-solid-state lasers (ngaphandle kwee-fiber lasers), ii-liquid lasers, kunye nee-gas lasers. Ngowama-2020, ii-fiber lasers kunye nee-solid-state lasers zathatha i-52.7% kunye ne-16.7%izicelo ze-laser zoshishino, ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye nee-fiber lasers ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso. Xa kuthelekiswa nee-fiber lasers, ii-solid-state lasers zinezibonelelo ezifana namandla aphezulu kunye neendawo ezincinci ezichaphazeleka bubushushu, nto leyo ezenza zifaneleke kwi-micro-machining encinci.
Iilaser zeYAG kunye neelaser zefayibha nganye inamandla ayo. Iilaser zeYAG ziilaser eziqinileyo ezine-matrix yekristale yeYAG. Iingenelo zazo ziquka: ① amandla okuwelda ngaxeshanye okanye okwabelana ngexesha; ② amandla aphezulu, afanelekileyo ukuwelda kwindawo ethile; ③ ixabiso eliphantsi, elibonelela ngenzuzo yeendleko, njl. Xa kuthelekiswa neelaser zefayibha, iilaser zeYAG zinezikhewu ezithile kumgangatho wemitha kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yamandla aphantsi eelaser zefayibha, azinazo iingenelo ezibalulekileyo kuneelaser zeYAG ekuwelda. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile zesicelo, zombini iilaser zeYAG kunye neefayibha zingasetyenziswa ekuwelda ibhetri yamandla.
Ukusika, ukuwelda, kunye nokumakisha zezona zicelo ziphambili ze-laser zoshishino. Ngo-2020, ukusika, ukuwelda, kunye nokumakisha kwakumalunga ne-40.62%, 13.52%, kunye ne-12.6% yemarike yesicelo se-laser, ngokwahlukeneyo. Emva kokukhula ngokukhawuleza ukusuka ngo-2014 ukuya ku-2017, izixhobo zokusika i-laser ngoku zijongene nokhuphiswano olukhulu lwamaxabiso ngenxa yokwanda kwabakhuphisana nabo. Ukuphawula sisicelo se-laser esivuthiweyo esinemarike ezinzileyo. Sixhamla ekunyukeni kweukuwelda nge-laser ephathwayokunye nokuchuma okuphezulu kweebhetri zamandla ezisezantsi, usetyenziso lwe-welding kulindeleke ukuba lugcine ukukhula okuphezulu kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokusika nokumakisha, ukuwelda nge-laser kuneemfuno zobugcisa eziphezulu. Ukuwelda nge-laser kunembali emfutshane yophuhliso kunokusika nokumakisha nge-laser, kwaye ubunzima benkqubo yayo bukhulu ngakumbi. Ukusikwa nokumakisha nge-laser kusebenzisa ii-laser ukutshabalalisa umphezulu okanye isakhiwo siphela sezinto, ngelixa ukuwelda nge-laser kusebenzisa ii-laser ukunyibilikisa nokwakha kwakhona izakhiwo zezinto. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwezinto, xa kuthelekiswa nokutshatyalaliswa kwesakhiwo okulula, kufuna imigangatho ephezulu ye-laser kunye neendlela zokucubungula.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuwelda kwendabuko, ukuwelda nge-laser kuneengenelo ezibalulekileyo. Xa kuthelekiswa nokuwelda kwendabuko kokuxhathisa, ukuwelda nge-arc, kunye nokuwelda nge-electron beam, ukuwelda nge-laser kuneengenelo ezifana nesantya esiphezulu, ukuguqulwa okuncinci, iimfuno eziphantsi zokusingqongileyo, uxinano lwamandla aphezulu, ukungakhuseleki kwimithombo yemagnethi, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezingezizo ezihambisa umoya, akukho mfuneko yendawo yokufunxa umoya, kwaye akukho kuveliswa kwe-X-ray ngexesha lokuwelda. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso echanekileyo ephezulu, ngakumbi kwizithuthi zamandla amatsha kunye namashishini eebhetri zamandla. Iibhetri zamandla zibandakanya iindawo ezininzi zokuwelda ezinobunzima obuphezulu kunye neemfuno ezichanekileyo. Iingenelo ezikhethekileyo zokuwelda nge-laser zinokuphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko lwebhetri, ukuthembeka, ukuhambelana, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo.
Imarike yezixhobo zokuwelda nge-laser ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukususela ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2020, imarike yezixhobo ze-laser yaseTshayina ikhule ukusuka kwi-38.2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-69.2 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, nge-CAGR ye-15.79%. Xa kuthelekiswa, imarike yezixhobo zokuwelda nge-laser yaseTshayina yande ukusuka kwi-4.17 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan ukuya kwi-11.05 yeebhiliyoni zeeyuan, nge-CAGR ye-27.59%, idlula ukukhula ngokubanzi kwezixhobo ze-laser.
II. Iimpawu zeeMatshini zokuWelda ngeLaser
- Ukuchaneka Okuphezulu: Umqadi welaser unendawo encinci kakhulu, evumelaukuwelda okuchanekileyo kakhuluIlungele iimveliso ezifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kokuwelda, njengezixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zonyango.
- Isantya Esiphezulu: Ukuwelda nge-laser kuyakhawuleza, kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zemveli zokuwelda, inokugqiba inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yokuwelda ngexesha elifutshane.
- Indawo Encinci Echaphazeleka Bubushushu: Ukuwelda nge-laser kunciphisa umonakalo wobushushu kwizinto ngenxa yendawo yayo encinci echaphazeleka bubushushu. Oku kuthetha utshintsho oluncinci kwiimpawu zezinto emva kokuwelda, okugcina ukusebenza kakuhle koomatshini kunye nomgangatho wembonakalo.
- Ukuguquguquka Okuqinileyo: Oomatshini bokuwelda nge-laser banokuwelda izinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iintsimbi, iiplastiki, kunye neeseramikhi. Ukuze kuwelda izinto ezahlukeneyo, kufuneka kulungiswe iiparameter ze-laser kuphela.
- Ukwenziwa kwezinto ngokuzenzekelayo okuphezulu: Oomatshini bokuwelda nge-laser banokudityaniswa nezixhobo ezizenzekelayo ukuze kufezekiswe imveliso ezenzekelayo, engaphuculi nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kodwa ikwanciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi kunye nobunzima.
3.1 IiNdawo zoSetyenziso lweLaser Welding
Itekhnoloji yokuwelda nge-laser isetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini amaninzi ngenxa yokuchaneka kwayo okuphezulu, isantya, kunye nokuguquguquka. Nazi iindawo zayo eziphambili zokusetyenziswa:
- Ishishini leeMoto: Ukuwelda nge-laser kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeemoto, ingakumbi ekwakheni umzimba. Izibalo zibonisa ukuba ngaphezulu kwama-80% abenzi beemoto kwihlabathi jikelele basebenzisa ukuwelda nge-laser ukuwelda kwisakhiwo somzimba ukuze baqinise ukuqina nokukhanya. Ikwasetyenziswa ekuveliseni izinto zenjini, iinkqubo zokukhupha umoya, kunye neenkqubo zeebhegi zomoya.
- I-Aerospace: Kwi-aerospace, ukuwelda nge-laser kuxatyiswa ngenxa yokukwazi kwayo ukubonelela ngonxibelelwano olunamandla aphezulu. Isetyenziswa ekwenzeni ii-fuselage zeenqwelo-moya, izakhiwo zamaphiko, kunye nezixhobo zeenqwelo-moya ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesakhiwo kunye nokukhanya. Iingxelo zibonisa ukuba ukuwelda nge-laser kunokunciphisa ubunzima beenqwelo-moya ngama-20% ngelixa konga iindleko.
- Izixhobo zonyango: Ukuwelda nge-laser kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwenziweni kwezixhobo zonyango, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezichanekileyo ezenziwe ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunye nee-alloys ze-titanium. Kuvumela ukuwelda ngaphandle kongcoliseko, okuchanekileyo kakhulu, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zococeko oluqinileyo kunye nokuchaneka kwezixhobo zonyango.
- Ishishini le-Elektroniki: Kwi-elektroniki, ukuwelda nge-laser kusetyenziswa kakhulu ekupakisheni iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo, izixhobo ze-semiconductor, kunye nezixhobo ze-optoelectronic. Indawo yayo encinci echaphazeleka bubushushu inciphisa umonakalo wobushushu kwiinxalenye ze-elektroniki ezibuthathaka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba isetyenziswe kakhulu kwindibano ye-elektroniki enoxinano olukhulu.
- Izixhobo Zokuchaneka: Kwimveliso yezixhobo zokuchaneka, ukuwelda nge-laser kusetyenziswa kwiiwotshi, ubucwebe, kunye nezinye izinto zodidi ngenxa yokuba ikwazi ukufikelela kubuchule obuphezulu,ukuwelda okusemgangathweni ophezuluIqinisekisa inkangeleko entle kunye nozinzo lwexesha elide lwale mveliso.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-12-2025
