Xa kuthelekiswa netekhnoloji yendabuko yokuwelda,ukuwelda nge-laserineengenelo ezingenakuthelekiswa nanto ekuchanekeni kokuwelda, ukusebenza kakuhle, ukuthembeka, ukuzenzekela kunye nezinye izinto. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iphuhlise ngokukhawuleza kwiinkalo zeemoto, amandla, izixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezinye iinkalo, kwaye ithathwa njengenye yezona teknoloji zokwenza izinto ezithembisayo kwinkulungwane yama-21.
1. Isishwankathelo se-double-beamukuwelda nge-laser
I-double-beamukuwelda nge-laserkukusebenzisa iindlela zokukhanya ukwahlula i-laser efanayo ibe yimisebe emibini eyahlukeneyo yokukhanya ukuze kudityaniswe, okanye ukusebenzisa iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ze-laser ukudibanisa, njenge-laser ye-CO2, i-Nd: i-LAG laser kunye ne-laser ye-semiconductor enamandla aphezulu. Zonke zinokudityaniswa. Kwacetywayo ikakhulu ukusombulula ukulungelelaniswa kwe-laser welding ngokuchanekileyo kokuhlanganisa, ukuphucula uzinzo lwenkqubo yokudibanisa, kunye nokuphucula umgangatho we-weld. I-Double-beamukuwelda nge-laserIngalungisa ngokulula nangokuguquguqukayo intsimi yobushushu bokuwelda ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo wamandla ombane, isithuba semiqadi, kwanepatheni yokusasazwa kwamandla yemiqadi emibini yelaser, itshintsha ipatheni yobukho bomngxuma wesitshixo kunye nepatheni yokuhamba kwesinyithi esilulwelo kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo. Ibonelela ngokhetho olubanzi lweenkqubo zokuwelda. Ayinazo nje kuphela iingenelo ezinkuluukuwelda nge-laserukungena, isantya esikhawulezayo kunye nokuchaneka okuphezulu, kodwa ikwafanelekile kwizixhobo kunye namalungu okunzima ukuwadibanisa ngesiqheloukuwelda nge-laser.
Yemiqadi emibiniukuwelda nge-laser, siqala ngokuxoxa ngeendlela zokusebenzisa i-double-beam laser. Uncwadi olupheleleyo lubonisa ukuba kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokufezekisa i-double-beam welding: i-transmission focusing kunye ne-reflection focus. Ngokukodwa, enye ifezekiswa ngokulungisa i-engile kunye nesithuba se-laser ezimbini ngokusebenzisa izibuko ezigxilayo kunye nezibuko eziqokelelanayo. Enye ifezekiswa ngokusebenzisa umthombo we-laser uze ugxile kwizibuko ezibonisayo, izibuko ezidluliselayo kunye nezibuko ezimile okwe-wedge ukuze kufezekiswe i-dual beams. Kwindlela yokuqala, kukho iintlobo ezintathu ikakhulu. Uhlobo lokuqala kukudibanisa i-laser ezimbini nge-optical fibers kwaye uzahlule zibe yi-beams ezimbini ezahlukeneyo phantsi kwesibuko esifanayo esidibanisayo kunye nesibuko esigxilayo. Okwesibini kukuba i-laser ezimbini zikhupha i-laser beams ngeentloko zazo zokutsala, kwaye i-double beam yenziwa ngokulungisa indawo yeentloko zokutsala. Indlela yesithathu kukuba i-laser beam iqale yahlulwe ngezibuko ezibini 1 kunye ne-2, ize igxile kwizibuko ezibini ezigxilayo 3 kunye ne-4 ngokwahlukeneyo. Indawo kunye nomgama phakathi kweendawo ezimbini ezijolisiweyo zingalungiswa ngokulungelelanisa ii-engile zezibuko ezibini ezijolisiweyo 3 kunye no-4. Indlela yesibini kukusebenzisa i-laser yesimo esiqinileyo ukwahlula ukukhanya ukuze kufunyanwe imisebe emibini, kunye nokulungisa i-engile kunye nesithuba ngesibuko esijolisiweyo kunye nesibuko esijolisiweyo. Imifanekiso emibini yokugqibela kumqolo wokuqala ongezantsi ibonisa inkqubo ye-spectroscopic ye-laser ye-CO2. Isibuko esithe tyaba sitshintshwa sisibuko esimile okwe-wedge kwaye sibekwe phambi kwesibuko esijolisiweyo ukuze kwahlulwe ukukhanya ukuze kufunyanwe ukukhanya okuphindwe kabini okujolisiweyo.
Emva kokuqonda ukusetyenziswa kwemiqadi emibini, makhe sazise ngokufutshane imigaqo kunye neendlela zokuwelda.ukuwelda nge-laserInkqubo, kukho amalungiselelo amathathu aqhelekileyo emithamo, oko kukuthi, ulungelelwaniso olulandelelanayo, ulungelelwaniso oluhambelanayo kunye nolungiselelo oluxutyiweyo. Ilaphu, oko kukuthi, kukho umgama kwicala lokuwelda nakwicala elithe nkqo lokuwelda. Njengoko kubonisiwe kumqolo wokugqibela womfanekiso, ngokweemilo ezahlukeneyo zemingxunya emincinci kunye namachibi anyibilikisiweyo avela phantsi kwesithuba esahlukileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda elandelelanayo, anokwahlulwahlulwa ngakumbi abe yi-single melts. Kukho iimeko ezintathu: ichibi, ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo eliqhelekileyo kunye nechibi elinyibilikisiweyo elahlulweyo. Iimpawu zechibi elinyibilikisiweyo elinye kunye nechibi elinyibilikisiweyo elahlulweyo ziyafana nezo ze-singleukuwelda nge-laser, njengoko kubonisiwe kumzobo wokulinganisa amanani. Kukho iziphumo ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
Uhlobo 1: Phantsi kwesithuba esithile sendawo, imingxuma emibini yezitshixo yenza umngxuma omkhulu oqhelekileyo kwidama elifanayo elinyibilikisiweyo; kuhlobo 1, kuxelwe ukuba umngxuma omnye wokukhanya usetyenziselwa ukwenza umngxuma omncinci, kwaye omnye umngxuma wokukhanya usetyenziselwa ukuwelda unyango lobushushu, olunokuphucula ngempumelelo iipropati zesakhiwo sentsimbi enekhabhoni ephezulu kunye nentsimbi ye-alloy.
Uhlobo 2: Yandisa isithuba sendawo kwidama elifanayo elinyibilikisiweyo, yahlula imivalo emibini ibe yimingxunya emibini ezimeleyo, kwaye utshintshe indlela yokuhamba kwamanzi kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo; kuhlobo 2, umsebenzi walo ulingana nokudibanisa imibhobho emibini yee-electron, Yehlisa ukutshiza kwe-weld kunye nee-welds ezingaqhelekanga kubude obufanelekileyo be-focal.
Uhlobo 3: Yandisa ngakumbi isithuba sendawo kwaye utshintshe umlinganiselo wamandla wemiqadi emibini, ukuze enye yemiqadi emibini isetyenziswe njengomthombo wobushushu ukwenza ukucubungula kwangaphambili okanye emva kokwenza umatshini wokufaka umbane ngexesha lenkqubo yokufakela umbane, kwaye enye iqadi isetyenziselwe ukuvelisa imingxunya emincinci. Kuhlobo 3, uphando lufumanise ukuba imiqadi emibini yenza umngxuma wesitshixo, umngxuma omncinci akulula ukuwudiliza, kwaye umatshini wokufaka umbane akulula ukuvelisa iimbobo.
2. Impembelelo yenkqubo yokuwelda kumgangatho wokuwelda
Isiphumo somlinganiselo we-serial beam-energy ekwakhiweni komthungo we-welding
Xa amandla elaser eyi-2kW, isantya sokuwelda yi-45 mm/s, ubungakanani be-defocus yi-0mm, kwaye isithuba se-beam yi-3 mm, imo yomphezulu we-weld xa kutshintshwa i-RS (RS= 0.50, 0.67, 1.50, 2.00) injengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso. Xa i-RS=0.50 kunye ne-2.00, i-weld iyabhitya kakhulu, kwaye kukho ukutshiza okungakumbi kumphetho we-weld, ngaphandle kokwenza iipateni eziqhelekileyo zesikali seentlanzi. Oku kungenxa yokuba xa umlinganiselo wamandla e-beam umncinci kakhulu okanye mkhulu kakhulu, amandla e-laser axinene kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba i-pinhole yelaser ijike kakhulu ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda, kwaye uxinzelelo lokubuya komphunga lubangela ukukhutshwa kunye nokutshizwa kwesinyithi sedama elinyibilikisiweyo kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo; Ukufakwa kobushushu obugqithisileyo kubangela ukuba ubunzulu bokungena kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo kwicala le-aluminium alloy bube bukhulu kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuxinana phantsi kwesenzo somxhuzulane. Xa i-RS=0.67 kunye ne-1.50, ipateni yesikali seentlanzi kumphezulu we-weld iyafana, imilo ye-weld intle ngakumbi, kwaye akukho mifantu ebonakalayo ye-welding, ii-pores kunye nezinye iziphene ze-welding kumphezulu we-weld. Imilo ye-cross-section yee-welds ezine-beam energy ratios ezahlukeneyo ze-RS zinjengoko zibonisiwe kumfanekiso. I-cross-section yee-welds ikwimo eqhelekileyo "yeglasi yewayini", ebonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-welding yenziwa kwi-laser deep penetration welding mode. I-RS inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kubunzulu bokungena be-P2 ye-weld kwicala le-aluminium alloy. Xa i-beam energy ratio RS=0.5, i-P2 yi-1203.2 microns. Xa i-beam energy ratio yi-RS=0.67 kunye ne-1.5, i-P2 incitshiswa kakhulu, eyi-403.3 microns kunye ne-93.6 microns ngokulandelelana. Xa i-beam energy ratio yi-RS=2, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld kwicandelo le-joint cross buyi-1151.6 microns.
Isiphumo somlinganiselo we-parallel beam-energy ekwakhiweni komthungo we-welding
Xa amandla elaser eyi-2.8kW, isantya sokudibanisa yi-33mm/s, ubungakanani be-defocus yi-0mm, kwaye isithuba se-beam yi-1mm, umphezulu we-weld ufunyanwa ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo wamandla we-beam (RS=0.25, 0.5, 0.67, 1.5, 2, 4) Inkangeleko iboniswe kumfanekiso. Xa i-RS=2, ipateni yesikali seentlanzi kumphezulu we-weld ayiqhelekanga. Umphezulu we-weld ofunyenwe zezinye ii-beam energy ratios ezintlanu ezahlukeneyo wenziwe kakuhle, kwaye akukho ziphene zibonakalayo ezifana nee-pores kunye ne-spatter. Ke ngoko, xa kuthelekiswa ne-serial dual-beamukuwelda nge-laser, umphezulu we-weld usebenzisa ii-parallel dual-beams uyafana kwaye umhle. Xa i-RS=0.25, kukho ukuxinana okuncinci kwi-weld; njengoko umlinganiselo wamandla we-beam ukhula kancinci (RS=0.5, 0.67 kunye ne-1.5), umphezulu we-weld uyafana kwaye akukho kuxinana okwenziwayo; nangona kunjalo, xa umlinganiselo wamandla we-beam ukhula ngakumbi (RS=1.50, 2.00), kodwa kukho ukuxinana kumphezulu we-weld. Xa umlinganiselo wamandla we-beam RS=0.25, 1.5 kunye no-2, imilo ye-cross-sectional ye-weld "imilo yeglasi yewayini"; xa i-RS=0.50, 0.67 kunye no-1, imilo ye-cross-sectional ye-weld "imilo ye-funnel". Xa i-RS=4, ayizozo kuphela ii-cracks eziveliswa ezantsi kwe-weld, kodwa nezinye ii-pores ziveliswa embindini nasezantsi kwe-weld. Xa i-RS=2, ii-process pores ezinkulu ziyavela ngaphakathi kwe-weld, kodwa akukho zi-cracks zibonakalayo. Xa i-RS=0.5, 0.67 kunye ne-1.5, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-P2 ye-weld kwicala le-aluminium alloy buncinci, kwaye icandelo elinqamlezileyo le-weld lenziwe kakuhle kwaye akukho ziphene ezibonakalayo ze-welding ezenziweyo. Ezi zibonisa ukuba umlinganiselo wamandla e-beam ngexesha le-parallel dual-beam laser welding nayo inempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekungeneni kwe-weld kunye neziphene ze-welding.
Umqadi ohambelanayo – isiphumo sesithuba semiqadi ekwakhiweni komthungo wokuwelda
Xa amandla elaser eyi-2.8kW, isantya sokuwelda yi-33mm/s, ubungakanani be-defocus yi-0mm, kwaye umlinganiselo wamandla e-beam RS=0.67, tshintsha isithuba se-beam (d=0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm) ukuze ufumane imo yomphezulu we-weld njengoko umfanekiso ubonisa. Xa i-d=0.5mm, 1mm, 1.5mm, 2mm, umphezulu we-weld uthambile kwaye uthe tyaba, kwaye imilo intle; ipateni yesikali seentlanzi se-weld iqhelekile kwaye intle, kwaye akukho mingxunya ibonakalayo, imifantu kunye nezinye iziphene. Ke ngoko, phantsi kweemeko ezine zokwahlulwa kwemisebe, umphezulu we-weld wenziwe kakuhle. Ukongeza, xa i-d=2 mm, kwenziwa ii-weld ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ii-laser beams ezimbini ezihambelanayo azisasebenzi echibini elinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye azinakwenza i-laser hybrid welding esebenzayo ene-dual-beam. Xa isithuba semiqadi siyi-0.5mm, i-weld "imilo efana ne-funnel", ubunzulu bokungena kwi-P2 ye-weld kwicala le-aluminium alloy yi-712.9 microns, kwaye akukho mifantu, ii-pores kunye nezinye iziphene ngaphakathi kwe-weld. Njengoko isithuba semiqadi siqhubeka sisanda, ubunzulu bokungena kwi-P2 ye-weld kwicala le-aluminium alloy buyancipha kakhulu. Xa isithuba semiqadi siyi-1 mm, ubunzulu bokungena kwe-weld kwicala le-aluminium alloy yi-94.2 microns kuphela. Njengoko isithuba semiqadi sisanda ngakumbi, i-weld ayivelisi ukungena okusebenzayo kwicala le-aluminium alloy. Ke ngoko, xa isithuba semiqadi siyi-0.5mm, isiphumo sokuphinda kabini semiqadi sesona silungileyo. Njengoko isithuba semiqadi sisanda, igalelo lobushushu be-welding liyancipha kakhulu, kwaye isiphumo sokuphinda kabini se-laser sibe sibi kancinci kancinci.
Umahluko kwimo ye-weld ubangelwa kukuhamba okwahlukeneyo kunye nokuqina kokupholisa kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokudibanisa. Indlela yokulinganisa ngamanani ayinakwenza kuphela uhlalutyo loxinzelelo lwedama elinyibilikisiweyo lube lula ngakumbi, kodwa ikwanciphisa neendleko zovavanyo. Umfanekiso ongezantsi ubonisa utshintsho kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo elisecaleni elinomthi omnye, amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo kunye nomgama webala. Izigqibo eziphambili ziquka: (1) Ngexesha ledama elinyeukuwelda nge-laserInkqubo, ubunzulu bomngxuma wedama elinyibilikisiweyo lolona lunzulu, kukho into yokuwa komngxuma, udonga lomngxuma aluhambelani, kwaye ukusasazwa kwentsimi yokuhambahamba kufutshane nodonga lomngxuma akulingani; kufutshane nomphezulu ongasemva wedama elinyibilikisiweyo Ukuphinda kuhambe kunamandla, kwaye kukho ukuphinda kuhambe phezulu ezantsi kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo; ukusasazwa kwentsimi yokuhambahamba komphezulu wedama elinyibilikisiweyo kuyafana kwaye kuhamba kancinci, kwaye ububanzi bedama elinyibilikisiweyo abulingani kwicala lobunzulu. Kukho ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa luxinzelelo lokubuyela umva eludongeni kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo phakathi kwemingxuma emincinci kwi-double-beamukuwelda nge-laser, kwaye isoloko ikhona kwicala lobunzulu bemingxuma emincinci. Njengoko umgama phakathi kwemibhobho emibini uqhubeka usanda, uxinano lwamandla ombhobho luyatshintsha kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwincochoyi enye ukuya kwimeko yencochoyi ephindwe kabini. Kukho ixabiso elincinci phakathi kweencochoyi ezimbini, kwaye uxinano lwamandla luyehla kancinci kancinci. (2) Kwimibhobho ephindwe kabiniukuwelda nge-laser, xa isithuba sendawo siyi-0-0.5mm, ubunzulu bemingxuma emincinci yedama elinyibilikisiweyo buyancipha kancinci, kwaye indlela ehamba ngayo yonke idamu elinyibilikisiweyo ifana neye-single-beam.ukuwelda nge-laser; xa isithuba sendawo singaphezulu kwe-1mm, imingxunya emincinci yahlulwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda Akukho nxibelelwano phakathi kweelaser ezimbini, olulingana neewelding zelaser ezimbini ezilandelelanayo/ezimbini ezilinganayo ezine-single-beam laser ezinamandla e-1750W. Akukho siphumo sokufudumeza kwangaphambili, kwaye ukuziphatha kokuhamba kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo kufana noko kwe-single-beam laser welding. (3) Xa isithuba sendawo siyi-0.5-1mm, umphezulu wodonga lwemingxunya emincinci uthambile kula malungiselelo mabini, ubunzulu bemingxunya emincinci buyancipha kancinci kancinci, kwaye izantsi liyahlukana kancinci kancinci. Ukuphazamiseka phakathi kwemingxunya emincinci kunye nokuhamba kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo elingaphezulu kuku-0.8mm. Eyona inamandla. Kwi-serial welding, ubude bedama elinyibilikisiweyo buyanda kancinci kancinci, ububanzi bube bukhulu xa isithuba sendawo siyi-0.8mm, kwaye isiphumo sokufudumeza kwangaphambili sibonakala kakhulu xa isithuba sendawo siyi-0.8mm. Isiphumo samandla eMarangoni siyancipha kancinci kancinci, kwaye ulwelo oluninzi lwesinyithi luhamba kumacala omabini edama elinyibilikisiweyo. Yenza usasazo lobubanzi bokunyibilika lufane ngakumbi. Kwi-welding ehambelanayo, ububanzi bedama elinyibilikisiweyo buyanda kancinci kancinci, kwaye ubude buphezulu kwi-0.8mm, kodwa akukho siphumo sokufudumeza kwangaphambili; ukugeleza kwakhona kufutshane nomphezulu okubangelwa ngamandla eMarangoni kusoloko kukho, kwaye ukugeleza kwakhona okusezantsi ezantsi komngxuma omncinci kuyanyamalala kancinci kancinci; intsimi yokuhamba kwamanzi anqamlezileyo ayilunganga njengoko Inamandla ngochungechunge, ukuphazamiseka akuchaphazeli ukuhamba kwamanzi kumacala omabini edama elinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye ububanzi obunyibilikisiweyo busasazwa ngokulinganayo.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Oktobha-12-2023
