1. Umgaqo wokuveliswa kwelaser
Ulwakhiwo lweathomu lufana nenkqubo yelanga encinci, enenucleus yeathomu embindini. Ii-elektroni zihlala zijikeleza inucleus yeathomu, kwaye inucleus yeathomu nayo ihlala ijikeleza.
I-nucleus yenziwe ngeeproton kunye nee-neutron. Iiproton zitshajwa kakuhle kwaye ii-neutron azitshajwa. Inani lee-positive charges ezithwalwa yi-nucleus yonke lilingana nenani lee-negative charges ezithwalwa yi-electron yonke, ngoko ke ngokubanzi ii-athomu azinamdla kwihlabathi langaphandle.
Ngokuphathelele ubunzima be-athomu, i-nucleus igxininisa uninzi lobunzima be-athomu, kwaye ubunzima obuhlala kuzo zonke ii-elektroni buncinci kakhulu. Kwisakhiwo se-athomu, i-nucleus ithatha indawo encinci kuphela. Ii-elektroni zijikeleza i-nucleus, kwaye ii-elektroni zinendawo enkulu kakhulu yokusebenza.
Iiathom zinamandla angaphakathi, aqulathe iinxalenye ezimbini: enye kukuba ii-elektroni zinesantya esijikelezayo kunye namandla athile e-kinetic; enye kukuba kukho umgama phakathi kwee-elektroni ezitshajwe kakubi kunye ne-nucleus etshajwe kakuhle, kwaye kukho ubungakanani obuthile bamandla anokubakho. Isimbuku samandla e-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho azo zonke ii-elektroni ngamandla e-athomu iyonke, ebizwa ngokuba ngamandla angaphakathi e-athomu.
Zonke ii-elektroni zijikeleza i-nucleus; ngamanye amaxesha zisondele kwi-nucleus, amandla ezi elektroni mancinci; ngamanye amaxesha zikude kakhulu ne-nucleus, amandla ezi elektroni makhulu; ngokwethuba lokuba kwenzeke, abantu bahlulahlula umaleko we-electron ube ""Inqanaba lamandla" elahlukileyo; "Kwinqanaba elithile lamandla", kunokubakho ii-elektroni ezininzi ezijikeleza rhoqo, kwaye i-electron nganye ayina-orbit esisigxina, kodwa zonke ezi elektroni zinenqanaba elifanayo lamandla; "Amanqanaba eMandla" ahlukanisiwe. Ewe, ahlukanisiwe ngokwamanqanaba emandla. Ingcamango "yenqanaba lamandla" ayigcini nje ngokwahlula ii-elektroni zibe ngamanqanaba ngokwamandla, kodwa ikwahlula indawo ejikeleza ii-elektroni zibe ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Ngamafutshane, i-athomu inokuba namanqanaba amaninzi emandla, kwaye amanqanaba ahlukeneyo emandla ahambelana namandla ahlukeneyo; ezinye ii-elektroni zijikeleza "kwinqanaba lamandla aphantsi" kwaye ezinye ii-elektroni zijikeleza "kwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu".
Kule mihla, iincwadi zefiziksi zesikolo samabanga aphakathi ziye zaphawula ngokucacileyo iimpawu zesakhiwo see-athomu ezithile, imithetho yokusasazwa kwee-electron kumaleko ngamnye we-electron, kunye nenani lee-electron kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla.
Kwinkqubo yeathomu, ii-elektroni zihamba ngokweengqimba, ezinye ii-athomu zisekumanqanaba aphezulu amandla kwaye ezinye zisekumanqanaba aphantsi amandla; kuba ii-athomu zihlala zichaphazeleka yimeko-bume yangaphandle (ubushushu, umbane, imagnetism), ii-elektroni ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla azizinzanga kwaye ziya kutshintsha ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, isiphumo sazo sinokufunxwa, okanye zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezikhethekileyo zokuvuselela kwaye zibangele "ukukhupha okuzenzekelayo". Ke ngoko, kwinkqubo yeathomu, xa ii-elektroni ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla zitshintshela kumanqanaba aphantsi amandla, kuya kubakho iimpawu ezimbini: "ukukhupha okuzenzekelayo" kunye "nokukhupha okukhuthazwayo".
Imitha yelanga ezenzekelayo, ii-elektroni ezikwimeko yamandla aphezulu azizinzanga kwaye, zichaphazeleka yimeko-bume yangaphandle (ubushushu, umbane, imagnetism), ziyahamba ngokuzenzekelayo ziye kwiimeko zamandla aphantsi, kwaye amandla agqithisileyo akhutshwa ngohlobo lwee-photon. Uphawu lolu hlobo lwemitha yelanga kukuba uguquko lwe-elektroni nganye lwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwaye alunangqiqo. Iimeko ze-photon zokukhupha okuzenzekelayo kwee-elektroni ezahlukeneyo zahlukile. Ukukhupha okuzenzekelayo kokukhanya kukwimeko "engacacanga" kwaye kuneendlela ezisasazekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, imitha yelanga ineempawu zee-athomu ngokwazo, kwaye ii-spectra zemitha yelanga yeathomu ezahlukeneyo zahlukile. Ukuthetha ngale nto, kukhumbuza abantu ngolwazi olusisiseko kwifiziksi, "Nayiphi na into inako ukukhupha ubushushu, kwaye into inako ukufunxa nokukhupha amaza e-electromagnetic rhoqo. Amaza e-electromagnetic akhutshwa bubushushu anosasazo oluthile lwe-spectrum. Olu sasazo lunxulumene neempawu zento ngokwayo kunye nobushushu bayo." Ke ngoko, isizathu sokubakho kwemitha yelanga kukukhupha okuzenzekelayo kwee-athomu.
Kwi-emission evuselelweyo, ii-electron ezikumgangatho ophezulu zitshintshela kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla phantsi "kokukhuthaza" okanye "ukungenisa" kwee-"photon ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko" kwaye zikhuphe i-photon ye-frequency efanayo ne-incident photon. Uphawu olukhulu lwe-radiation evuselelweyo kukuba ii-photon eziveliswa yi-incident radiation zinemeko efanayo nee-incident photon ezivelisa i-radiation evuselelweyo. Zikwimeko "ehambelanayo". Zine-frequency efanayo kunye necala elifanayo, kwaye akunakwenzeka kwaphela ukwahlula umahluko phakathi kwezo zimbini. Ngale ndlela, i-photon enye iba yi-photon ezimbini ezifanayo ngokukhupha okukodwa okuvuselelweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhanya kuyaqiniswa, okanye "kuyandiswa".
Ngoku masiphinde sihlalutye, zeziphi iimeko ezifunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe imitha evuselela rhoqo?
Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, inani lee-electron ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla lihlala lingaphantsi kwenani lee-electron ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla. Ukuba ufuna ii-athomu zivelise imitha evuselelweyo, ufuna ukwandisa inani lee-electron ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla, ngoko ke udinga "umthombo wepompo", onjongo yawo ikukukhuthaza ngaphezulu Ii-electron ezininzi kakhulu ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla zitsiba ziye kumanqanaba aphezulu lamandla, ngoko ke inani lee-electron ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla liya kuba ngaphezulu kwenani lee-electron ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla, kwaye "ukuguqulwa kwenani lamasuntswana" kuya kwenzeka. Ii-electron ezininzi kakhulu ezikwizinga eliphezulu lamandla zihlala ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ixesha liya kutsiba liye kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, ngoko ke amathuba okukhutshwa kwemitha evuselelweyo aya kwanda.
Kakade ke, "umthombo wepompo" umiselwe iiathom ezahlukeneyo. Wenza iielektron "zivakale" kwaye zivumele iielektron ezingaphezulu zamandla aphantsi ukuba zitsibe ziye kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla. Abafundi banokuqonda ngokusisiseko, yintoni i-laser? Yenziwa njani i-laser? I-laser "yimitha yokukhanya" "evuyiswa" ziiathom zento phantsi kwesenzo "somthombo wepompo" ethile. Le yi-laser.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-27-2024
