I. Ukuphuculwa kobuchwepheshe bokuWelda:Iirobhothi zokuWelda ezikrelekrelenjengeSikhokelo esiPhambili
(1) Iteknoloji yokuWelda: Isiseko seShishini lanamhlanje
Itekhnoloji yokuwelda ifezekisa ukubopha kwezinto kwinqanaba le-athomu ngokusebenzisa ubushushu obuphezulu okanye uxinzelelo, kwaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo aphambili afana neemoto, i-aerospace, kunye nolwakhiwo. Ukuchaneka kwayo kunye nokusebenza kwayo kumisela ngokuthe ngqo amandla olwakhiwo kunye neendleko zemveliso yeemveliso. Ihlelwe ngokwemithombo yobushushu kunye nenkqubo, iwela kwiindidi ezintathu: ukuwelda kwe-fusion, ukuwelda kwengcinezelo, kunye nokubethelela. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubuchwepheshe obutsha obuquka ukuwelda kwe-laser kunye nokuwelda kwe-electron beam budlule kwimida yeendlela zemveli, zihlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso ephezulu.
Iirobhothi zokuwelda zenziwe ngumzimba oyintloko (eneengalo zerobhothi ezinee-axis ezintandathu njengombindi) kunye nezixhobo zokuwelda ezixhasayo. Zidibanisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukeneyo, zivumelaukuwelda okuzenzakalelayo okuchanekileyo okuphezuluZihlelwe ngokwenkqubo, ziquka iirobhothi zokuwelda ezikwindawo ethile, iirobhothi zokuwelda ezikwindawo ethile, iirobhothi zokuwelda ezikwindawo ethile, njl. Phakathi kwezi, iirobhothi zokuwelda ezikwindawo ethile kunye neerobhothi zokuwelda ezikwindawo ethile zenza i-90% yesabelo semarike, zilawula ukuwelda okuncinci kwishishini leemoto kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo zeemoto ezizenzekelayo, ii-elektroniki ze-3C, ngokwahlukeneyo. Ubuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nokuwelda nge-laser bukhawulezisa ukungena kwabo kwizithuthi ezintsha zamandla kunye namacandelo eenqwelo moya.
(2) Ubuchwepheshe obuQhubayo beeRobhothi zokuWelda eziNgcali
Ngokungafaniyo nendlela emiselweyo "yokufundisa nokuphinda" yeerobhothi zendabuko zokufundisa ezinde, iirobhothi ezikrelekrele zokudibanisa zidibanisa izinzwa zokubona/i-laser kunye nee-algorithms zobukrelekrele bokwenziwa ukuze kufezekiswe ukuqondwa komthungo we-weld ngexesha langempela, ukuveliswa kwendlela ngokuzenzekelayo, kunye nokwenza ngcono amandla. Oku kunciphisa kakhulu ukuxhomekeka kumsebenzi wezandla kwaye kuphucula ukuguquguquka kokusebenza, okwenza ukuba zifaneleke ngakumbi kwiindawo ezingezizo ezisemgangathweni ezifana ne-elektroniki echanekileyo kunye nezixhobo zezithuthi ezilula, kunye neemeko zemveliso ephantsi yomxube ophezulu.
Inkqubo epheleleyo yerobhothi yokuwelda ekrelekrele iquka inkqubo yolawulo ekrelekrele, imodyuli yokubona nokulandelela umbono, iqonga lenkqubo engaxhunyiwe kwi-intanethi, kunye nomzimba oyintloko werobhothi. Iingenelo zayo eziphambili zisekunciphiseni imijikelo yokugunyazisa ngokusebenzisa imodeli yendalo ebonakalayo kunye nokulinganisa, ukuqonda ukwenziwa ngcono kwezicwangciso zokuwelda ngexesha langempela ngokufunda okunzulu, kunye nokuqinisekisa uzinzo lokubeka i-millimeter ngezinzwa ezichanekileyo. Okwangoku, impumelelo ephambili efana nokusebenza okungenamfundiso okukhokelwa yi-3D vision kuye kwafezwa. Le teknoloji iyaguquka ukusuka kwimo "ezimeleyo kancinci" ukuya kwimo "ezimeleyo ngokupheleleyo", kwaye iya kufezekisa intsebenziswano yamaqonga ahlukeneyo kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi olusekelwe kwilifu kwixesha elizayo ngokuxhomekeke kwi-5G kunye ne-edge computing.
II. Ukunqongophala Okuphawulekayo Kwabawelda: Indawo Ebanzi Yemarike Yowelda Ngobuchule
(1) Izinto Ezibangela Ukunqongophala Kwabashicileli Beentsimbi Ezidibanisayo Nemigaqo-nkqubo Ebangela Imfuno Yokutshintshwa Kwabo
I-China ijongene nokunqongophala okukhulu kwabawelda. Ngo-2024, umsantsa wemfuno nobonelelo ufikelele kwi-3.49 yezigidi, kunye nokunqongophala kwabawelda abaphezulu abangama-400,000. Ukongeza, ulwakhiwo lweminyaka luyaguga, kunye neminyaka emva kweminyaka engama-60 kunye neyasemva kweminyaka engama-70 ebangela ngaphezulu kwama-60% abasebenzi, ngelixa iminyaka emva kweminyaka engama-90 isenza i-13% kuphela, nto leyo ebangela ingxaki "yesizukulwana". Kunye nemeko yokusebenza enzima kunye nemingcipheko ephezulu yempilo yezikhundla zokuwelda, ulutsha luyathandabuza ngakumbi ukuthatha imisebenzi enjalo, nto leyo ebangela imfuno engxamisekileyo yokutshintshwa kwerobhothi. Ngokusekelwe kubalo lokuba irobhothi enye inokutshintsha abawelda abayi-2.5, imfuno yemarike enokubakho ifikelela kwi-1.4 yezigidi zeeyunithi.
Urhulumente uye wakhupha imigaqo-nkqubo rhoqo yokukhuthaza ukuthandwa kwe-intelligence welding. Ukususela kwiSicwangciso seMinyaka emihlanu se-13 soPhuhliso lweMveliso yoBukrelekrele ukuya kwiSicwangciso sokuSebenza sika-2024 soKhuthazo loHlaziyo lweZixhobo kwiCandelo lezoShishino, kuye kwasekwa inkqubo yenkxaso-nkqubo ehambelanayo, ecacisa iinkcukacha zobugcisa, eqhuba ukuphuculwa kwezixhobo, kwaye ibeka isiseko esiqinileyo sophuhliso lweshishini.
(2) Ukukhula kweMarike okuZinzileyo kunye neeNzuzo ezibalulekileyo zezoQoqosho
Imarike yeerobhothi zokuwelda kwihlabathi liphela iyanda ngokuthe chu. Ukususela ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2024, umthamo wentengiso unyuke ukusuka kwiiyunithi ezingama-64,200 ukuya kwiiyunithi ezili-102,000, kunye namazinga okukhula konyaka nonyaka aqikelelwa ukuba afikelele kwi-6% kunye ne-8% ngo-2025 nango-2026 ngokwahlukeneyo. Iirobhothi zokuwelda ezikrelekrele zibonelela ngendlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa iindleko, ngesantya sokuwelda se-50–160 cm/min esingcono kunesantya sokuwelda esenziwe ngesandla se-40–60 cm/min. Zibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu kutyalo-mali (ROI) kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshwa: kwimeko embi kakhulu (ukutshintsha i-welder enye), utyalo-mali lunokufunyanwa kwiminyaka emi-4, kunye nokonga okuqokelelweyo kwe-10.5 yezigidi zeeyuan kwiminyaka elishumi; kwimeko engcono kakhulu (ukutshintsha ii-welders ezingama-2.5), utyalo-mali lunokufunyanwa kunyaka wokuqala, kunye nokonga okupheleleyo kwe-27 yezigidi zeeyuan kwiminyaka elishumi. Ngaphezu koko, ezi robhothi zinokusebenza ngokuqhubekayo iiyure ezingama-24 ngosuku ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle.
(3) Imfuneko Engxamisekileyo Yeemeko Ezingekho Mgangathweni: Ukungena Okukhawulezileyo Kwizakhiwo Zentsimbi Namacandelo Okwakha Iinqanawa
- Ishishini Lolwakhiwo Lwentsimbi: Ngowama-2023, umthamo wesizwe wokucubungula izakhiwo zentsimbi ufikelele kwiitoni ezili-112 lezigidi, ukwanda konyaka nonyaka kwe-10.5%. Nangona kunjalo, eli shishini linengxaki yokuzisebenzela okuphantsi kunye nokuxhomekeka kakhulu kumsebenzi wezandla. Ngokweqikelelo, ama-60% okucubungula izakhiwo zentsimbi kufuna izisombululo zokuwelda ezikrelekrele. Xa imveliso kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwiitoni ezili-135 lezigidi ngo-2025, iya kuvelisa imfuno yeeseti ezili-12,200 zezixhobo, inyuse umgangatho wemarike ngaphaya kweebhiliyoni ezi-3 zeeyuan.
- Ishishini Lokwakha Iinqanawa: Ngowama-2024, iTshayina ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi liphela kwizalathisi ezintathu eziphambili: ubungakanani bokugqitywa kweenqanawa, ukuthathwa kwee-odolo ezintsha, kunye nokusilela kwee-odolo, nto leyo ebangela ngaphezulu kwe-50% yenani lilonke lehlabathi kudidi ngalunye. Nangona kunjalo, eli shishini lijongene nemingeni efana ne-weld seams enzima kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso iibhetshi ezincinci, nto leyoiindlela zemveli zokuweldaUbunzima bokujongana nabo. Ngowama-2024, bekukho abawelda abaqinisekisiweyo abayi-187,800 eTshayina. Ngokusekelwe kwizinga lokungena le-15%, imfuno yeerobhothi ezikrelekrele zokuwelda ifikelela kwiiyunithi eziyi-18,800, ezilingana nobukhulu bemarike obuyi-5.634 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi. Ukuba izinga lokungena linyuka liye kuma-30%, isikali semarike siya kudlula kwi-10 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi zeerandi.
III. Ulwakhiwo lweTyathanga leMizi-mveliso lweeRobhothi zokuWelda ezikrelekrele
Olu luhlu lwemizi-mveliso luquka unikezelo lwezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ukuhlanganiswa kwenkqubo ephakathi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweshishini elisezantsi, ukuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuvela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-robotics, ubukrelekrele bokwenziwa, kunye nombono womatshini. Phakathi kwezi, umzimba oyintloko werobhothi kunye nenkqubo yombono/ileza zizonke zenza ngaphezulu kwama-60% eendleko zizonke.
Icandelo elingasentla libonelela ngezinto ezibalulekileyo eziquka imizimba ephambili yerobhothi, iinkqubo zolawulo olukrelekrele, kunye neenkqubo zokulandelela umthungo we-weld, ezimisela uzinzo lokusebenza kwezixhobo. Abavelisi bamandla okuwelda basekhaya bathathe indawo ephambili, ngelixa amashishini asekuhlaleni kumacandelo esoftware ye-3D vision kunye ne-intanethi ephula ubukhosi bemali yangaphandle. Abahlanganisi be-Midstream badibanisa izixhobo ukwenza izisombululo ezithile zemeko, behlangabezana neemfuno zomsebenzi kunye nomgca wemveliso yamashishini afana nesakhiwo sentsimbi kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa. Abavelisi basekuhlaleni bagxila ekucwangcisweni kwendlela ekrelekrele yokukhonza imveliso engaqhelekanga. Icandelo elingasentla libona usetyenziso lwendabuko olugxile kwisakhiwo sentsimbi kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa, kwaye kancinci kancinci lungena kwiindawo eziphezulu ezifana neemoto, amandla amatsha, kunye neenqwelo-moya, zivela njengezixhobo eziphambili zamashishini ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa iingozi.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-23-2025
