Itekhnoloji yokuwelda yexesha elizayo

Okwangoku, ukuwelda kuye kwaba yiteknoloji entsha edibeneyo. Njengoko iteknoloji yokuwelda idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe, inqanaba eliphezulu leiteknoloji yokuweldaiye yaba luphawu olubalulekileyo lwezinga eliphezulu kushishino lwesizwe, ngoko ke, iphuhlise ngamandla iiseti ezipheleleyo zezixhobo zokuwelda, iteknoloji yobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, iteknoloji yokucubungula ulwazi, iteknoloji yedijithali yokulawula amandla okuwelda, iteknoloji yobukrelekrele yokulawula umgangatho wokuwelda, inkqubo yemveliso yokuweldaiteknoloji yokuwelda irobhothi, uphuhliso oluhlangabezana nezixhobo zanamhlanje zokuWelda ezihlangabezana neemfuno zemveliso ngokuqinisekileyo luya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwakheni ilizwe elinobuchule neligcina umbane.

Okokuqala, indlela ekhoyo yophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuwelda yasekhaya neyangaphandle

Ukuwelda bubuchwepheshe obubalulekileyo obusisiseko, kwaye uphuhliso lwayo luxhomekeke kuphuhliso lwesayensi yanamhlanje kunye netekhnoloji. Itekhnoloji yokuwelda ineminyaka elikhulu kuphela yembali, kodwa uphuhliso lwayo lukhawuleza kakhulu. Ukususela kwinkulungwane yama-20, ngakumbi kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini okanye amathathu edlulileyo, ngophuhliso olungazange lubonwe ngaphambili lwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji, iintlobo ngeentlobo zobuchwepheshe obutsha bokuwelda ziye zavela ngokungenasiphelo, kwaye impumelelo entsha kwisayensi yanamhlanje kunye netekhnoloji efana ne-plasma physics, i-electron beam, i-infrared ray, i-vacuum, i-ultrasound, i-acoustics, i-microelectronics, njl. ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu ekuwelda. Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji entsha kubeke isiseko sophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuwelda, kwaphucula amandla kwetekhnoloji yokuwelda, kwaye kwandisa ububanzi besicelo setekhnoloji yokuwelda. Okwangoku, kuye kwenziwa iindlela ezininzi zokuwelda ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo. Itekhnoloji yokuwelda isetyenziswa kakhulu kumandla, ezothutho, kushishino lweekhemikhali, koomatshini, kwizixhobo ezikhethekileyo, kwi-elektroniki, kwi-aerospace, kwi-petroleum nakwezinye iinkalo ezininzi. Kunokuthiwa impumelelo entsha yesayensi kunye netekhnoloji yanamhlanje iye yangena ngakumbi kwicandelo lokuwelda, kwaye yakhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwetekhnoloji yokuwelda yanamhlanje.

(A) uphuhliso lweizixhobo zokuweldakunye neendlela zokuwelda

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ngophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwesayensi netekhnoloji, izixhobo zokuwelda kunye neendlela zokuwelda nazo ziye zaphuhliswa kakhulu. Okwangoku, iimpawu eziphawulekayo zezixhobo zokuwelda zangaphandle kukuchaneka okuphezulu, umgangatho ophezulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, idijithali, ulawulo olukrelekrele, ubungakanani obukhulu, oludibeneyo kunye nemisebenzi emininzi. Zombini ngokwembono yokwakhiwa kwemveliso kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji, indlu yasekhaya iphuhliswa kwicala lokuwelda okusebenzayo, okuzenzakalelayo, okukrelekrele, okonga amandla kunye nokusingqongileyo. Izixhobo zokuwelda ze-arc zaseTshayina zisondela kwinqanaba lasekhaya kancinci kancinci, zilungelelanise ulwakhiwo lwemveliso, ziphucule umgangatho wemveliso, kufuneka ziphuhlise ngamandla umbane wokuwelda we-inverter kunye nomatshini wokuwelda ozenzekelayo, ozenzekelayo, ngakumbi umatshini wokuwelda we-carbon dioxide osebenza kakuhle kwaye osindisa amandla; Itekhnoloji yokuwelda yokumelana namandla aphakathi naphezulu njengomxholo ophambili wophando kunye nesikhokelo sophuhliso; Itekhnoloji yokuhambelana kwe-electromagnetic iya kuthandwa kwizixhobo zokuwelda,imboni yezixhobo zokuweldakwimfuno engxamisekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, iimveliso eziluhlaza; Itekhnoloji yokudibanisa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nezixhobo ziphuhliswa ngesantya esingazange sibonwe ngaphambili, iprojekthi yeThree Gorges, iprojekthi yokuhambisa igesi entshona-mpuma, ubunjineli beenqwelo moya, ubunjineli baselwandle kunye nolunye uphuhliso olukhulu lobunjineli obusisiseko besizwe kunye nokukhula kweshishini leemoto zasekhaya, zikhuthaze ngempumelelo uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yokudibanisa ephucukileyo, ngakumbi itekhnoloji yokuzenzakalelayo yokudibanisa; Iirobhothi zokudibanisa kunye nokudibanisa okukrelekrele nazo ziya kuphuhliswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiindawo ezithile kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi; Imfuno yeeseti ezipheleleyo zezixhobo zokudibanisa ezikhethekileyo iyanda, uluhlu lwesicelo lubanzi, iimfuno zokusebenza kobugcisa ziya ziphakama, izixhobo zokuhlangabezana nenkqubo entsha esebenzayo ziya kuba zivuthiwe kwaye zithandwa ngakumbi, amashishini okuvelisa izixhobo zasekhaya kufuneka enze iimpumelelo ezintsha kwiiseti ezikhethekileyo, ezipheleleyo zezixhobo zokudibanisa.

(2) Uphuhliso lwezinto zokuwelda

Ngokuhambela phambili kwesayensi netekhnoloji kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwezinto zoshishino, ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha kuye kwazisa imingeni emitsha kunye neemfuno zobuchwepheshe bokuthungela. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi enamandla aphezulu, ii-aluminium alloys, ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-nickel kunye nezinye izinto kuye kwakhuthaza kakhulu uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuthungela. Iindlela zemveli zokuthungela zinokuba neengxaki ezithile xa kujongwana nezi zinto zintsha, ezinje ngokuguqulwa kwe-welding, imifantu njalo njalo. Ke ngoko, uphuhliso lweenkqubo ezintsha zokuthungela kunye netekhnoloji yokuphucula umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwamalungu athungelelweyo luye lwaba yindlela ebalulekileyo yophuhliso lwangoku lwetekhnoloji yokuthungela. Okwangoku, imveliso yezinto zokuthungela eTshayina yeyokuqala emhlabeni, kodwa kwisakhiwo sezinto zokuthungela kunye namazwe aphuhlileyo kwimizi-mveliso, umsantsa ucacile kakhulu. Ukuze kuhlengahlengiswe indlela yokuvelisa ukuthungela ukuya ekusebenzeni kakuhle, umgangatho ophezulu, iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokuzisebenzela, amazwe aphuhlileyo afana ne-United States neJapan ahlala elungisa ulwakhiwo lwemveliso yezinto zokuthungela. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, amazwe aphuhlileyo angaphandle ayene-50% yenani lezinto zokuwelda, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, eYurophu, eMntla Melika, eJapan ekusetyenzisweni kwezinto zokuwelda, inani leentonga zokuwelda lingaphantsi kwe-20%, oko kukuthi, i-automation yangoku kunye ne-semi-automatic welding kumazwe aphuhlileyo, ibandakanye ngaphezulu kwe-80% yomsebenzi wonke wokuwelda. Ukususela kuphuhliso lwezinto zokuwelda kumazwe aphuhlileyo nakwiindawo ezifana ne-United States, iJapan neNtshona Yurophu, ukuncitshiswa kweentonga zokuwelda zokuwelda ngesandla kunye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokuwelda ngokuzenzekelayo yindlela yophuhliso engenakuphepheka. Kungxamisekile ukuphuhlisa nokuvelisa ucingo oluzikhuselayo nolune-drug cored wire kwilizwe lethu. Ngokuphathelele ucingo olungenathusi oluveliswa ngabavelisi basekhaya nabangaphandle, kufuneka lubizwe ngokuba lucingo olukhethekileyo olune-coated, ngenxa yezixhobo ezahlukeneyo zokuwelda kunye neendlela zonyango lomphezulu zabavelisi abahlukeneyo, ukusebenza kocingo nako kwahlukile. Inkqubo yokugquma egqwesileyo kunye nonyango lomphezulu ayidlali nje kuphela indima yokuthintela umhlwa kunye nokuthambisa, kodwa ayivelisi uthuli lobhedu ngexesha lokugquma, kwaye inokuphucula uzinzo lwe-arc yocingo lokugquma kwaye inciphise ukutshiza kwe-welding. Okwangoku, abavelisi basekhaya nabangaphandle bale nkqubo yokugquma kunye nonyango lomphezulu basaphucuka, kulindeleke ukuba olu cingo kunye nomatshini wokugquma we-inverter yedijithali balawule ngokuchanekileyo utshintsho lwe-arc, banokufikelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu, ukugquma kwe-CO2 ephezulu yamandla aphantsi, ukufezekisa isiphumo senkqubo yokugquma ye-flux-cored wire welding, yindlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo.

(3) Iindlela ezintsha zokuwelda, izixhobo zokuwelda kunye nezinto zokuwelda kwixesha elizayo

Kwelinye icala, kufuneka siphuhlise iindlela ezintsha zokuwelda, izixhobo zokuwelda kunye nezixhobo zokuwelda ukuze siphucule umgangatho wokuwelda kunye nokuthembeka kokhuseleko, njengokuphucula i-arc ekhoyo, i-plasma arc, i-electron beam, i-laser kunye namanye amandla okuwelda, sisebenzisa iteknoloji ye-elektroniki kunye netekhnoloji yokulawula ukuphucula ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-arc, kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela yokulandelela i-arc ethembekileyo nekhaphukhaphu; Kwelinye icala, kuyimfuneko ukuphucula inqanaba loomatshini bokuwelda kunye nokuzisebenzela, njengomatshini wokuwelda ukuze kufezekiswe ulawulo lwenkqubo, ulawulo lwedijithali, uphuhliso lomatshini wokuwelda okhethekileyo ukusuka kwinkqubo yokulungiselela, ukuwelda ukuya kulawulo lomgangatho wenkqubo yonke yokuzenzekela, kumgca wemveliso yokuwelda ngokuzenzekelayo, ukukhuthazwa kunye nokwandiswa kweerobhothi zokuwelda ze-CNC kunye neerobhothi zokuwelda, kunokuphucula inqanaba lemveliso yokuwelda, kuphuculwe imeko yempilo kunye nokhuseleko lokuwelda. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, sijongene nenjongo enkulu yophuhliso lwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji kwilizwe lethu, sijongene nomsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwetekhnoloji yethu yokuwelda kunye namazwe angaphandle, abeka phambili iimfuno eziphezulu kubasebenzi bokuwelda, ngoko ke kufuneka sisebenzise isayensi kunye netekhnoloji yanamhlanje, kwaye sizame ukukhuthaza inkqubela phambili kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokuwelda.

Ii. Imbono yetekhnoloji yokuwelda yexesha elizayo

Ngowama-2025, itekhnoloji yokuwelda idityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwi-ecology yoshishino lwe-4.0, ebonisa iimpawu ezintathu eziphambili ze‌"Iinjongo zobukrelekrele, ukuhlanganiswa ngokuchanekileyo, uluhlaza kunye nozinzo"‌.

‌ukungena ngobulumko‌: Izinga lokungena kwemarike yeerobhothi zokuwelda kwimizi-mveliso lifikelele kwi-67%, kwaye iindleko zenkqubo yokuwelda ye-AI zehle ngama-40%.

Uyilo lwezinto ezintsha‌: Iinkqubo zokuwelda ezahlukeneyo zigubungela i-90% yeemeko zokwenziwa kwezinto ezilula.

Injongo engathathi cala yekhabhoni‌: Izinga lokungena koomatshini bokuwelda behydrogen lidlula i-30%, kwaye amandla okukhupha ikhabhoni yokuwelda aya kuncitshiswa ngama-55% xa kuthelekiswa nowama-2020.

(A) Isikhokelo esiphambili seteknoloji yokuwelda kwixesha elizayo

Ngophuhliso lwemveliso oluya kwicala eliphezulu nelikrelekrele, iteknoloji yokudibanisa ingenisa le ndlela iphambili ilandelayo.‌

‌1. Inkqubo yokuwelda ekrelekrele‌

‌Ukuwelda okuguqukayo kwe-AI‌: ‌Inkqubo yokuwelda eqhutywa yi-AI‌Ukuchongwa kwe-weld kunye nokwenza ngcono iiparameter ngokusekelwe ekufundeni okunzulu ukuze kufezekiswe ukujonga umgangatho ngexesha langempela kunye nesilumkiso seziphene.

· Irobhothi yokwela eguquguqukayo inokuyilungisa ngokuguquguqukayo indlela kunye nokufakwa kwamandla ukuze ikwazi ukumelana neemeko zokusebenza ezinzima (ezifana nokuwelda umphezulu weenqwelo-moya). Irobhothi yokwela exhotyiswe ngenethiwekhi ye-neural inokuhlalutya ukuguquguquka kobushushu bezinto ngexesha langempela kwaye ilungise ngokuguquguqukayo iiparameter zokwela (ezifana nokuwelda kwekhabhinethi ye-titanium alloy yenqwelo-moya). Izinga lokufumanisa iziphene linyuswa ukuya kwi-99.5%, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokuwelda kunyuswa ngama-50%.

‌Umzi-mveliso wamawele edijithali‌: Itekhnoloji yokulinganisa ebonakalayo inciphisa umjikelo wophuhliso lwenkqubo yokudibanisa nge-70% (Umzekelo: Ukulungiswa kwenkqubo yokudibanisa yebhetri yeTesla 4680). Ukulinganisa ebonakalayo kusetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ukuguquguquka kokudibanisa kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zovavanyo kunye neempazamo. Ixhasa ulawulo olukude lwe-5G lwemisebenzi yokusingqongileyo enobungozi obukhulu (njengokugcinwa kwesikhululo samandla enyukliya).

‌2. Itekhnoloji yamandla echanekileyo ephezulu‌

Ukuwelda nge-laser ekhawulezayo kakhulu‌: Ukuwelda nge-laser ye-Femtosecond kufezekisa ukuchaneka kwe-micron kwi-chip packaging kunye nezixhobo zonyango ezincinci ezifana nokuwelda nge-pacemaker wire.

Ukuwelda okudityanisiweyo nge-laser-arc‌: ukudibanisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwelaser kunye nokungena okuphezulu kwe-arc, okusetyenziselwa ukupakisha iibhetri zesithuthi esitsha samandla.

·‌ukuwelda nge-electron beam vacuum: ukufezekisa unxibelelwano olungenangcoliseko lwe-titanium alloy kunye nezinye izinto ezinzima zokuwelda, ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni izixhobo zonyango.

Uphuculo lweCold Metal Transition (CMT)‌: Igalelo lobushushu lincitshisiwe ukuya kwi-20% ye-MIG yendabuko, efanelekileyo kwi-aluminium lithium alloy body welding (BMW i7 line).

‌3. Ukuwelda kwindawo naselwandle olunzulu‌

Ukwenziwa kweziseko zenyanga kwindawo ethile‌: I-NASA isebenzisa iteknoloji yokuwelda ye-vacuum electron beam ukuwelda izakhiwo zesinyithi ngokuthe ngqo nge-ilmenite kumhlaba wenyanga.

Ukulungiswa kwemibhobho yolwandle olunzulu‌: ubunzulu boxinzelelo lwerobhothi yokuwelda engaphantsi kwamanzi budlule kwiimitha ezingama-6,000 (iProjekthi ye-CNOOC South China Sea Oil and Gas Field).

4. ‌impumelelo yokuhambelana kwezinto‌

Uqhagamshelo lwezinto ezahlukeneyo‌

· Phuhlisa i-aluminium/intsimbi, i-ceramic/isinyithi kunye nezinye iteknoloji ze-hybrid joint ukukhuthaza uyilo lwesakhiwo olukhaphukhaphu (njengokunciphisa ubunzima beenqwelo-moya).

· ukuwelda okudityanisiweyo‌

· Ukuwelda nge-ultrasonic nge-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), ukusombulula ingxaki yokungabi namandla ngokwaneleyo kwenkqubo yokubopha yendabuko.

5. Uphuculo oluzinzileyo‌umatshini wokuwelda we-hydrogen‌: buyisela indlela yokusika i-acetylene yendabuko, ufezekise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni okungekhoyo. Inkqubo yokucoca umsi ngokuwelda‌: isiseko se-nano-filter + ulawulo lomngcipheko we-AI, ibamba amasuntswana ayingozi angama-99.9%.

(3) Idatha ephambili yetekhnoloji yokuwelda yexesha elizayo kunye noqikelelo lwemarike‌

Izixhobo zokuwelda ze-arc, kuquka ii-welders, izixhobo zamandla kunye nezinye izixhobo, zithatha malunga nesiqingatha sazo zonke izixhobo zokuwelda kwaye kulindeleke ukuba zikhule ngesantya sonyaka se-6%. Izixhobo zokuwelda ezichaseneyo, kuquka ii-welders, ii-transformers, ii-controllers kunye nee-components nazo ziya kukhula ngesantya esiphezulu sokukhula. Ukuwelda ngegesi kunye nokusika igesi kulindeleke ukuba kube nesantya esiphantsi sokukhula. Ezinye izixhobo zokuwelda, ezifana nokuwelda kwe-stud, ukuwelda nge-laser, ukuwelda kwe-friction, ukuwelda kwe-electron beam kunye nezixhobo zokuwelda ze-ultrasonic ziya kukhula ngesantya esiphezulu. Izixhobo zokuwelda ze-robotic ziya kukhula ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu, kwaye izinga lokungenisa kwazo liya kwanda nangakumbi, kuba uninzi lokuwelda lwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-United States. Njengoko i-United States ililizwe elikhulu kwihlabathi elivelisa izixhobo zokuwelda kunye nokusika, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezixhobo zokuwelda kunye nokusika kuya kuqhubeka nokuqina. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeentsimbi zokuwelda; iintambo zokuwelda kunye neentambo. Ubungakanani be-electrode buya kuncipha unyaka nonyaka, ngelixa ubungakanani bentambo, kubandakanya ucingo oluqinileyo kunye nocingo olune-flux-core, luya kwanda unyaka nonyaka. Olu luphuhliso olungenakuguqulwa.

Ubungakanani bemarike‌Imarike yetekhnoloji yokuwelda yehlabathi ikwi-‌Iibhiliyoni ezingama-218 zeerandi zaseMelika‌(2025), kunye nesantya sokukhula sonyaka esidibeneyo se-9.3%.

Umlinganiselo wetekhnoloji‌:

· Ukuwelda nge-laser: 32%

· Inkqubo yokuwelda ekrelekrele: 28%

· Itekhnoloji yokuwelda eluhlaza: 25%

· Ukukhula kwengingqi‌: Ummandla we-Asia-Pacific unegalelo kwi-45% yokwanda, kwaye i-China ilawula uthotho lobonelelo lwezixhobo ezintsha zokuwelda zamandla kunye neze-semiconductor.

· (4) Imingeni kunye namathuba eteknoloji yokuwelda yexesha elizayo

‌Umngeni‌:

Ukuthembeka kokuwelda kwiindawo ezishushu kakhulu (ezifana nee-reactors ze-fusion ezinobushushu obuphezulu kakhulu).

· ukubekwa emgangathweni kwenkqubo yokuwelda ye-nanoscale (ukufakwa kwe-chip 3D).

· Umbono wowama-2030:

· Itekhnoloji yokudibanisa i-quantum: ukusetyenziswa komgaqo wokudibanisa i-quantum ukuze kufezekiswe ukubopha kwezinto kwinqanaba le-athomu.

· Ukuwelda kwezinto eziphilayo: Uphando nophuhliso lwe-solder enokonakala engaphantsi kobushushu obuphantsi ngokusekelwe kwii-enzymes zebhayoloji.

· (2) Iintsimi zesicelo soshishino lwetekhnoloji yokuwelda kwixesha elizayo

· Izithuthi ezintsha zamandla

· Inqwelo-moya

· Izixhobo zonyango

· Uyilo lwezakhiwo

· III. Isishwankathelo setekhnoloji yokuwelda yexesha elizayo

· Ngamafutshane, indlela yophuhliso kunye nethemba lobuchwepheshe bokutywina iyamangalisa. Ngokuqhubeka nokuvelisa izinto ezintsha, izixhobo kunye netekhnoloji yokuzenzekelayo, itekhnoloji yokutywina iya kufikelela kancinci kancinci kuphuhliso olusebenzayo, olukumgangatho ophezulu nolukrelekrele. Oku kuya kubonelela ngamathuba kunye nemingeni engaphezulu kuphuhliso lweshishini lokuvelisa. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka siphinde senze uphando olunzulu kunye nophando, kwaye sikhuthaze rhoqo ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yokutywina ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemarike ezitshintshayo. Kuphela ngokuqhubeka nokulandela ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye nophuhliso, itekhnoloji yokutywina inokudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi kwicandelo lezemizi-mveliso elizayo. Itekhnoloji yokutywina idlule kwimida yemveliso yendabuko kwaye yaba yindawo yokuvelisa izinto ezintsha ezahlukeneyo. Kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo nobukrelekrele bokwenziwa, i-quantum computing, kunye ne-bioengineering kuya kuyila kwakhona imeko yokhuphiswano lwemveliso yehlabathi ephezulu.