Iziseko zokusika iLaser kunye neNkqubo yayo yokuSebenza —Izixhobo Zokusika I-Laser
II. Ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo zokusika ngeLaser
2.1 Izinto kunye noMgaqo wokuSebenza woMatshini wokusika iLaser
Umatshini wokusika nge-laser une-laser emitter, intloko yokusika, indibano yokudlulisa imisebe, itheyibhile yokusebenza yesixhobo somatshini, inkqubo yolawulo lwamanani (i-NC), ikhompyutha (i-hardware kunye nesoftware), i-chiller, isilinda segesi yokukhusela, umqokeleli wothuli, kunye nomomisi womoya.
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Ijeneretha yeLaser
Ijenereyitha yelaser sisixhobo esivelisa imithombo yokukhanya yelaser. Kwiinkqubo zokusika ilaser, uninzi loomatshini basebenzisa iilaser zegesi zeCO₂ ezibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical kunye namandla aphezulu, ngaphandle kwamaxesha ambalwa apho kusetyenziswa iilaser ze-YAG solid-state. Ayizizo zonke iilaser ezifanelekileyo ukusika, njengoko ukusika ilaser kubeka iimfuno ezingqongqo kumgangatho wemitha.
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Intloko yokusika
Iquka ikakhulu izinto ezifana ne-nozzle, ilensi yokugxila, kunye nenkqubo yokulandelela ukugxila.
Isixhobo sokusika intloko sisetyenziselwa ukuqhuba intloko yokusika ukuba ihambe nge-Z-axis ngokweenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Siqulathe i-servo motor kunye nezixhobo zokudlulisela ezifana nezikrufu ze-lead okanye iigiya.
(1) Impumlo: Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeempumlo: uhlobo oluhambelanayo, uhlobo oludibeneyo, kunye nohlobo oluyi-conical.
(2) Ilensi Yokujolisa: Ukuze kusetyenziswe amandla e-laser beam, umqadi wokuqala okhutshwa yi-laser kufuneka ujoliswe ngelensi ukuze kwenziwe indawo yokukhanya enamandla aphezulu. Iilensi eziphakathi nezinde zobude be-focal zifanelekile ukusika iipleyiti ezixineneyo kwaye zineemfuno eziphantsi zozinzo lwesithuba senkqubo yokulandelela. Iilensi ezimfutshane zobude be-focal zifanelekile kuphela ukusika iipleyiti ezincinci ezingaphantsi kwe-3 mm; zineemfuno ezingqongqo zozinzo lwesithuba senkqubo yokulandelela kodwa zinokunciphisa kakhulu amandla okukhupha i-laser afunekayo.
(3) Inkqubo yokulandelela: Inkqubo yokulandelela ukugxila komatshini wokusika nge-laser ngokubanzi iqulathe intloko yokusika egxileyo kunye nenkqubo yesenzi sokulandelela. Intloko yokusika idibanisa imisebenzi yokuqondisa nokugxila kwemitha, ukupholisa amanzi, ukuvuthela igesi, kunye nokulungiswa koomatshini.
Isensor yenziwe ngezinto zokuva kunye neyunithi yokulawula isandisi-lizwi. Iinkqubo zokulandelela ziyahluka ngokupheleleyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezinto zokuva. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ezikhoyo: enye yinkqubo yokulandelela isensor ekwaziyo ukuthwala, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokulandelela engadibaniyo; enye yinkqubo yokulandelela isensor encedayo, ekwaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokulandelela unxibelelwano.
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Indibano yoThumelo lweBeam
Indlela Yokukhanya Yangaphandle: Izipili ezikhanyayo zisetyenziselwa ukukhokela umqadi welaser kwicala elifunekayo. Ukuthintela ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwindlela yomqadi, zonke izipili ezikhanyayo zikhuselwe zizikhuselo, kwaye igesi yokukhusela ecocekileyo neyoxinzelelo oluchanekileyo ifakwa ukugcina izipili zingenangcoliseko. Ilensi esebenza kakuhle ingajolisa umqadi ongahlukaniyo kwindawo encinci kakhulu. Ilensi enobude obujolise kwi-intshi eziyi-5.0 isetyenziswa rhoqo, ngelixa ilensi eyi-intshi eziyi-7.5 isebenza kuphela kwizinto zokusika ezinobukhulu obungaphezu kwe-12 mm.
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Itheyibhile yokusebenza yezixhobo zomatshini
Umzimba oPhambili woMshini: Icandelo lezixhobo zomatshiniumatshini wokusika nge-laseryinxalenye yoomatshini eqonda intshukumo yee-axes ze-X, Y, kunye ne-Z, kuquka neqonga lomsebenzi wokusika.
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Inkqubo yoLawulo lwamanani
Inkqubo ye-NC ilawula isixhobo somatshini ukuze kufezekiswe iintshukumo ze-X, Y, Z-axis kwaye ilawula amandla okukhupha i-laser ngaxeshanye.
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Inkqubo yokupholisa
Iyunithi yeChiller: Isetyenziselwa ukupholisa ijenereyitha yelaser. Ilaser sisixhobo esiguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla okukhanya. Umzekelo, ukusebenza kakuhle kokuguqulwa kwelaser yegesi yeCO₂ ngokubanzi yi-20%, kwaye amandla aseleyo aguqulwa abe bubushushu. Amanzi okupholisa asusa ubushushu obugqithisileyo ukuze kugcinwe ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwejenereyitha yelaser. Iyunithi yeChiller ikwapholisa izibuko zangaphandle zendlela ye-optical kunye neelensi ezigxile kwisixhobo somatshini, ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wokudluliselwa komqadi ozinzileyo kunye nokuthintela ngempumelelo ukuguqulwa okanye ukuqhekeka kwelensi ngenxa yokushisa kakhulu.
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Iisilinda zegesi
Iisilinda zegesi ziquka iisilinda eziphakathi ezisebenzayo kunye neesilinda zegesi ezincedisayo zomatshini wokusika nge-laser, ezisetyenziselwa ukongeza iigesi zoshishino ukuze kushukunyiswe i-laser kwaye zinikezele ngeegesi ezincedisayo kwintloko yokusika.
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Inkqubo yokususa uthuli
Ikhupha umsi nothuli oluveliswa ngexesha lokucubungula kwaye iqhuba unyango lokucoca ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kwegesi ephumayo kuyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
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Umshini wokomisa nokucoca umoya opholileyo
Inika umoya ococekileyo nowomileyo kwijenereyitha yelaser kunye nendlela yemitha, igcina ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwendlela yemitha kunye nezipili ezibonisa ukukhanya.
2.2 Ukusika iTorch yokusika ngeLaser
Umzobo wolwakhiwo lwetotshi yokusika yokusika nge-laser uboniswe ngezantsi. Iquka umzimba wetotshi, ilensi yokugxila, isibuko esibonakalisa ukukhanya, kunye nomlomo wegesi oncedisayo. Ngexesha lokusika nge-laser, itotshi yokusika kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezilandelayo:
① Itotshi ingakhupha igesi eyaneleyo.
② Indlela igesi ephuma ngayo ngaphakathi kwetotshi kufuneka ihambelane ne-optical axis yesibuko esibonakalisa ukukhanya.
③ Ubude betotshi bunokulungiswa lula.
④ Ngexesha lokusika, umphunga wesinyithi kunye nokutshiza okuvela kwisinyithi esisikiweyo akufuneki konakalise isibuko esikhanyayo.
Intshukumo yetotshi yokusika ilungiswa yinkqubo yokuhamba ye-NC. Kukho iimeko ezintathu zentshukumo ehambelanayo phakathi kwetotshi yokusika kunye nesixhobo somsebenzi:
① Itotshi ihlala ingashukumi ngelixa i-workpiece ihamba ngetafile yokusebenza — ifaneleke kakhulu kwi-workpieces ezincinci.
② Isiqwenga somsebenzi sihlala singashukumi ngelixa itotshi ihamba.
③ Itotshi kunye netafile yokusebenza zihamba ngaxeshanye.
2.2.1 Intloko yokusika
Intloko yokusika nge-laser ikwisiphelo senkqubo yokudlulisa imisebe, equlathe ilensi yokugxila kunye nomlomo wokusika.
Iilensi ezijolisa kakhulu zihlulwe ngobude obujolisa. Uninzi lwezixhobo zokusika nge-laser zixhotyiswe ngeentloko ezininzi zokusika ezinobude obujolisa obahlukeneyo. Ukuthatha ukusika nge-laser ye-CO₂ njengomzekelo, ubude obujolisa obuqhelekileyo yi-127 mm (5 in) kunye ne-190 mm (7.5 in). Ilensi emfutshane ejolisa ivelisa indawo encinci ejolisa kunye nobunzulu obufutshane be-focal, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni ububanzi be-kerf kunye nokufikelela ekunqunyulweni okucokisekileyo. Ilensi ende ejolisa ivelisa indawo enkulu ejolisa kunye nobunzulu obude be-focal. Xa kuthelekiswa neelensi ezimfutshane ejolisa, iilensi ezinde ejolisa zinokubonelela ngomqadi ojolisa kunye noxinano lwamandla e-laser olwaneleyo ekucutshungulweni kwezinto kufutshane nendawo ejolisa. Ke ngoko, iilensi ezimfutshane ejolisa zisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukusika ngokuchanekileyo iipleyiti ezincinci, ngelixa iilensi ezinde ejolisa zifuneka kwizinto ezijiyileyo ukuze kufunyanwe ubunzulu obufanelekileyo be-focal, ukuqinisekisa umahluko omncinci kububanzi be-spot kunye noxinano lwamandla olwaneleyo ngaphakathi koluhlu lobukhulu bokusika.
Iilensi ezijolise ngqo zisetyenziselwa ukujolisa isiganeko somqadi welaser ohambelanayo kwitotshi yokusika, nto leyo efikelela kubukhulu obuncinci bendawo kunye noxinano oluphezulu lwamandla. Iilensi zenziwe ngezinto ezinokudlulisa ubude be-laser. Iglasi ekhanyayo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiileyisi eziqinileyo, ngelixa izinto ezifana neZnSe, GaAs, kunye neGe zamkelwe kwiileyisi zegesi zeCO₂ (ekubeni iglasi eqhelekileyo ingabonisi kukhanya kwimiqadi yelaser yeCO₂), phakathi kwazo iZnSe yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu.
Kwi-laser cutting, ukunciphisa ububanzi bendawo egxileyo kuyacetyiswa ukuze kwandiswe uxinano lwamandla kwaye kuvumeleke ukusika ngesantya esiphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ubude obufutshane be-lens focal bubangela ubunzulu obuncinci be-focal, okwenza kube nzima ukufikelela kumphezulu osikiweyo othe nkqo xa kunqunyulwa iipleyiti ezixineneyo. Ukongeza, ubude obufutshane be-focal bunciphisa umgama phakathi kwelensi kunye ne-workpiece, okwandisa umngcipheko wokuba ilensi ingonakaliswe zii-splashes ezinyibilikisiweyo ngexesha lokusika kwaye ichaphazele ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo. Ke ngoko, ubude obufanelekileyo be-focal kufuneka bumiselwe ngokupheleleyo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nobukhulu bokusika kunye neemfuno zomgangatho wokusika.
2.2.2 Isipili Esibonakalisa Ukukhanya
Umsebenzi wesibuko esibonakalisa ukukhanya kukutshintsha indlela umqadi ophuma ngayo kwilaser. Kwimiqadi evela kwi-laser eziqinileyo, izibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya ezenziwe ngeglasi ebonakalayo zingasetyenziswa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya kwizixhobo zokusika i-laser yegesi ye-CO₂ zihlala zenziwe ngobhedu okanye ngesinyithi esine-reflectivity ephezulu. Ukuthintela umonakalo obangelwa kukushisa kakhulu okuvela kwi-laser irradiation ngexesha lokusebenza, izibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya zihlala zipholiswa ngamanzi.
2.2.3 Impumlo
I-nozzle isetyenziselwa ukutshiza igesi encedisayo kwindawo yokusika, kwaye isakhiwo sayo sinempembelelo ethile ekusebenzeni kakuhle nakumgangatho wokusika. Umfanekiso 4.11 ubonisa iimilo ze-nozzle eziqhelekileyo zokusika nge-laser; iimilo ze-nozzle orifice ziquka iintlobo ze-cylindrical, conical, kunye ne-converging-diverging.
Ukukhethwa kwe-nozzle ngokuqhelekileyo kugqitywa ngovavanyo olusekelwe kwizinto kunye nobukhulu be-workpiece, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-assistant gas. Ukusika nge-laser kudla ngokusebenzisa ii-coaxial nozzles (apho ukuhamba kwegesi ku-coaxial nge-optical axis). Ukuba ukuhamba kwegesi kunye ne-laser beam azi-coaxial, ukutshiza okugqithisileyo kunokwenzeka ngexesha lokusika. Udonga lwangaphakathi lwe-nozzle orifice kufuneka lube bushelelezi ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwegesi okungaphazanyiswanga kwaye kuphephe ukuphazamiseka okunokuchaphazela umgangatho we-kerf. Ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lokusika, umgama phakathi kobuso be-nozzle end kunye nomphezulu we-workpiece kufuneka uncitshiswe, ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwi-0.5 mm ukuya kwi-2.0 mm. Ububanzi be-nozzle orifice kufuneka buvumele i-laser beam ukuba idlule kakuhle, ithintele i-beam ekuchukumiseni udonga lwangaphakathi lwe-orifice. Okukhona ububanzi be-orifice buncinci, kokukhona kunzima ukuhlanganisa i-beam. Kuxinzelelo lwe-assistant gas olunikiweyo, kukho uluhlu olufanelekileyo lwee-nozzle orifice diameters. I-orifice encinci kakhulu okanye enkulu iya kuthintela ukususwa kweemveliso ezinyibilikisiweyo kwi-kerf kwaye ichaphazele isantya sokusika.
Impembelelo yobubanzi be-nozzle orifice kwisantya sokusika phantsi kwamandla e-laser asisigxina kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi oluncedisayo iboniswe kwiMifanekiso 4.12 kunye no-4.13. Kuyabonakala ukuba kukho ububanzi be-nozzle orifice ofanelekileyo obufikelela kwisantya sokusika esiphezulu. Eli xabiso lifanelekileyo limalunga ne-1.5 mm nokuba ioksijini okanye i-argon isetyenziswa njengegesi encedisayo.
Uvavanyo lokusikwa kwe-laser kwee-alloys eziqinileyo (ezinzima ukuzisika) lubonisa ukuba ububanzi be-nozzle orifice busondele kakhulu kwiziphumo ezingentla, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.14. Ububanzi be-nozzle orifice bukwachaphazela ububanzi be-kerf kunye nobubanzi be-heat-affected zone (HAZ). Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 4.15, ngokonyuka kobubanzi be-nozzle orifice, ububanzi be-kerf buyanda ngelixa ububanzi be-HAZ buncipha. Isizathu esiphambili sokuncipha kwe-HAZ sisiphumo sokupholisa esiphuculweyo sokuhamba kwegesi encedisayo kwizinto ezisisiseko kwindawo yokusika.
2.3 Iiparameter zeZixhobo zokusika iLaser
2.3.1 Izixhobo Zokusika Eziqhutywa Yitotshi
Kwizixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitotshi, itotshi yokusika ifakwe kwi-gantry eshukumayo kwaye ihamba ngokuthe tye ecaleni kwe-gantry beam (Y-axis). I-gantry iqhuba itotshi ukuba ihambe ecaleni kwe-X-axis, ngelixa i-workpiece inamathele kwitheyibhile yokusebenza. Ekubeni i-laser kunye netotshi yokusika zicwangciswe ngokwahlukeneyo, iimpawu zokudluliselwa kwe-laser, ukuhambelana kwicala lokuskena kwe-beam, kunye nokuzinza kwezibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya konke kuyachaphazeleka ngexesha lenkqubo yokusika.
Izixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitotshi zinokucubungula izinto zokusebenza ezinkulu. Zithatha indawo encinci yomgangatho kwindawo yokuvelisa ukusika kwaye zinokudityaniswa ngokulula nezinye izixhobo ukwenza umgca wemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaneka kwayo kwindawo yi-±0.04 mm kuphela.
Ulwakhiwo oluqhelekileyo lwezixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitotshi luboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.19. Umatshini wokusika we-CO₂ laser onamaza aqhubekayo uyasetyenziswa, umgama ukusuka kwi-laser ukuya kwitotshi yokusika uyi-18 m. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kububanzi bemitha phezu kwalo mgama wokudlulisela aluphazamisi imisebenzi yokusika, indibaniselwano yezipili ze-oscillator kufuneka yenziwe ngononophelo.
Iiparameter eziphambili zobugcisa zezixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitotshi zezi zilandelayo:
- Amandla okuphuma kweLaser: 1.5 kW (imowudi enye), 3 kW (imowudi ezininzi)
- I-Torch Stroke: I-X-axis 6.2 m, i-Y-axis 2.6 m
- Isantya sokuqhuba: 0–10 m/min (sinokulungiswa)
- Itotshi ye-Z-axis Floating Stroke: 150 mm
- Isantya soLungiso lweTorch Z-axis: 300 mm/min
- Ubungakanani obukhulu bePlate yeNsimbi eSetyenzisiweyo: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
- Inkqubo yoLawulo: Imo yoLawulo lwe-NC edibeneyo
2.3.2 Izixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitafile ze-XY
Kwizixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitafile ye-XY, itotshi yokusika iqiniswe kwisakhelo, kwaye i-workpiece ibekwe kwitafile yokusika. Itheyibhile yokusika ihamba ngee-axes ze-X kunye ne-Y ngokwemiyalelo ye-NC, ngesantya sokuqhuba esihlengahlengiswayo esiqhele ukuba phakathi kwe-0–1 m/min okanye i-0–5 m/min. Ekubeni itotshi yokusika ihlala ingashukumi xa ithelekiswa ne-workpiece, inciphisa impembelelo ekulungelelanisweni kwe-laser beam kunye nokuma phakathi ngexesha lenkqubo yokusika, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kokusika okufanayo nokuzinzileyo. Xa ixhotyiswe ngetheyibhile yokusika encinci enobungcali obuphezulu boomatshini, umatshini ufikelela ekuchanekeni kokubeka kwe-±0.01 mm kunyeukuchaneka okugqwesileyo kokusika, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokukodwa ekusikweni ngokuchanekileyo kwezinto ezincinci. Ukongeza, iitafile ezinkulu zokusika ezine-X-axis stroke ye-2300–2400 mm kunye ne-Y-axis stroke ye-1200–1300 mm ziyafumaneka ukuze kucutshungulwe izinto zokusebenza ezinkulu.
Iiparameter eziphambili zobugcisa zezixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa yitafile ye-XY zezi zilandelayo:
- Umthombo weLaser: Ilaser yegesi yeCO₂ (uhlobo lwetyhubhu ethe tye evaliweyo kancinci)
- Ubonelelo lwaMandla eLaser: I-voltage yokufaka 200 VAC; I-voltage yokuphuma 0–30 kV; Ubuninzi bombane wokuphuma 100 mA
- Amandla okuphuma kweLaser: 550 W
- Ukusikwa kweTable Stroke: X-axis 2300 mm, Y-axis 1300 mm
- Isantya sokuQhuba iTheyibhile yokuSika (Ingahlengahlengiswa ngamanyathelo): 0.4–5.0 m/min, 0.2–2.5 m/min, 0.1–1.3 m/min, 0.05–0.6 m/min
- Itotshi ye-Z-axis Floating Stroke: 180 mm
- Ubungakanani obukhulu bePlate eSetyenzisiweyo: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
- Inkqubo yoLawulo: Imo yoLawulo lwamanani (NC)
2.3.3 Izixhobo Zokusika Eziqhutywa Ngambini (Itotshi Netafile)
Izixhobo zokusika eziqhutywa kabini (itotshi kunye netafile) ziwela phakathi koomatshini bokusika abaqhutywa yitotshi kunye noomatshini bokusika abaqhutywa yiXY abakwiyilwe. Itotshi yokusika ifakwe kwi-gantry kwaye ihamba ngokuthe tye ecaleni kwe-gantry beam (Y-axis), ngelixa itafile yokusika iqhutywa ngobude. Olu yilo lwe-hybrid ludibanisa iingenelo zokuchaneka okuphezulu kokusika kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokonga indawo. Ngokuchaneka kokubeka indawo kwe-±0.01 mm kunye noluhlu lwesantya sokusika oluhlengahlengiswayo lwe-0–20 m/min, yenye yezona matshini zokusika ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimarike. Iimodeli ezinkulu zale matshini zibonelela nge-Y-axis stroke ye-2000 mm kunye ne-X-axis stroke ye-6000 mm, okuvumela ukunqunyulwa kwezinto zokusebenza ezinkulu.
I-oscillator yelaser ifakwe kwi-gantry ecaleni kwetotshi yokusika. Olu lwakhiwo lubonelela ngokuchanekileyo okukhulu xa kunqunyulwa imingxunya ejikelezayo. Lo matshini ukwanokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso: unganqumla imingxunya ejikelezayo engama-46 (ububanzi obuyi-10 mm) ngomzuzu kwipleyiti yentsimbi enobukhulu obuyi-1 mm.
2.3.4 Izixhobo Zokusika Ezidibeneyo
Kwi-umatshini wokusika odibeneyo, umthombo welaser ufakwe kwisakhelo kwaye uhamba ngobude kunye nayo, ngelixa itotshi yokusika idityaniswe nendlela yayo yokuqhuba ukuze ihambe ngokuthe tye ecaleni komqadi wesakhelo. Umatshini usebenzisa ulawulo lwamanani ukusika izinto ezahlukeneyo ezimile okweemilo. Ukubuyisela umahluko wobude bendlela yokukhanya okubangelwa kukuhamba okuthe tye kwetotshi yokusika, imodyuli yokulungisa ubude bendlela yokukhanya idla ngokuxhotyiswa. Le modyuli iqinisekisa umqadi welaser ofanayo ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusika kwaye igcina umgangatho womphezulu wokusika ohambelanayo.
Ixesha leposi: Disemba-17-2025 
