UkuhlolaOomatshini bokusika ngeLaser: "Isixhobo Somlingo" Kwindawo Yokusika
I. Isiseko sethiyori sokuveliswa kweLaser
Imvelaphi yethiyori yetekhnoloji yokusika i-laser inokulandelwa emva kwithiyori yokukhupha i-stimulated emission eyaphakanyiswa ngu-Albert Einstein ngo-1916. Le thiyori ithi kwiiathomu ezenza izinto, amanani ahlukeneyo ee-particles (ii-electron) asasazwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla. Xa ii-particles ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla zivuselelwa yi-photon ethile, ziya kutshintsha ukusuka kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla ziye kweliphantsi, zikhuphe ukukhanya okufanayo nokukhanya okukhuthazayo. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukukhanya okubuthathaka kunokukhuthaza ukukhanya okunamandla.—into eyaziwa ngokuba yiLight Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, okanye i-laser ngamafutshane.
Iilaser zineempawu ezine eziphambili: ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukubhekisa kwicala eliphezulu, ukukhanya okukodwa okuphezulu, kunye nokuhambelana okuphezulu. Ngokuphathelele ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukukhanya kweelaser ezisemgangathweni oqinileyo kunokufikelela kwi-10¹¹W/cm²·Sr. Xa umqadi welaser okhanyayo kakhulu ujoliswe yilensi, uvelisa amaqondo obushushu angamawaka ukuya kumashumi amawaka eedigri zeCelsius kufutshane nendawo ephambili, nto leyo evumela ukucutshungulwa phantse kwazo zonke izinto. Indlela ephezulu ivumela ilaser ukuba ihambe imigama emide ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa igcina uxinano lwamandla aphezulu kakhulu xa ijolisiwe.—Iimeko ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zokucubungula nge-laser. I-monochromaticity ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuba umqadi unokujoliswa ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kufezekiswe uxinano lwamandla olukhethekileyo. Ukuhambelana okuphezulu kuchaza ikakhulu ubudlelwane besigaba phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ewave yokukhanya.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi mpawu zingaqhelekanga, iileyiza zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwimizi-mveliso yokucubungula kunye neminye imimandla emininzi, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuvelweni komatshini wokusika ileyiza.—isixhobo esisebenzisa amandla obushushu e-laser beam ukwenza ukusika.
II. Imigaqo-nkqubo ethile yokusika
Umatshini wokusika nge-laser ucubungula izinto usebenzisa umqadi we-laser. Ufudumeza izinto zibe ngaphezulu kwe-sublimation okanye i-melting point yazo nge-laser beam enobunzima obuphezulu ukuze kufezekiswe ukusika. Le nkqubo ibandakanya la manyathelo alandelayo:
Ukuveliswa kwemiqadi yelaser yijenereyitha yelaser. Ijenereyitha yelaser ivelisa umqadi welaser onamandla aphezulu, ogxile kakhulu. Iindidi zelaser eziqhelekileyo ziquka i-CO2₂iileyiza, iileyiza zefayibha, kunye neeleyiza zesimo esiqinileyo.
Isikhokelo semitha yelaser kunye nokugxila Izinto ezibonakalayo ezifana neelensi okanye izibuko zilawula indlela yemitha, ziyikhokela kwaye ziyijolise kwindawo encinci ukuze zigxile amandla kwindawo encinci.
Ukufunxwa kwamandla e-laser kwizinto Xa umqadi we-laser ukhanyisa umphezulu wezinto, izinto zifunxwa amandla e-laser. Amanqanaba okufunxwa ayahluka kwizinto; ezinye iintsimbi zifunxwa ngamandla e-laser aphezulu.
Ukufudumeza, ukunyibilika, okanye ukufuma kwezinto Ubuninzi bamandla elaser bufudumeza ngokukhawuleza izinto ukuya kubushushu bazo bokunyibilika okanye bokufufuma. Ekubeni ukunyibilika okanye ukufuma kudla ubushushu obuninzi, ukusika kuyafezekiswa.
Ukufakwa kwegesi encedisayo Ngexesha lokusika, iigesi ezincedisayo (i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, iigesi ezingasebenziyo, njl.njl.) zihlala ziphuma nge-nozzle. Ezi gesi zikhusela indawo yokusika, zikhuphe izinto ezinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye zinceda ukwandisa isantya sokusika.
Inkqubo yokulawula intshukumoOomatshini bokusika nge-laser baxhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokulawula intshukumo eqondisa intloko yokusika kwindlela emiselweyo kumphezulu wezinto. Phantsi kolawulo lwenkqubo yekhompyutha, iimilo ezintsonkothileyo zinokunqunyulwa ngokuchanekileyo.
Iindlela Eziqhelekileyo Zokusika I-Laser
Ukusikwa kwe-laser vaporizationIzinto ziyafuthwa ngexesha lokusikwa. Umqadi we-laser oxineneyo ngamandla aphezulu ufudumeza i-workpiece ukuya kwinqanaba lokubila ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu, wenze umphunga ophuma ngokukhawuleza ukuze wenze i-kerf. Le ndlela ifuna amandla aphezulu kakhulu kunye noxinano lwamandla, kwaye isetyenziselwa ikakhulu iintsimbi ezincinci kakhulu kunye nezingezizo iintsimbi ezifana nephepha, ilaphu, umthi, iplastiki, kunye nerabha.
Ukusika i-laser melt I-laser ifudumeza isinyithi sibe yimeko enyibilikisiweyo, ize emva koko ibe yigesi ezingezizo ezoxidizing (Ar, He, N).₂, njl.njl.) nge-coaxial kunye nomqadi uvuthuza isinyithi esilulwelo phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu ukuze senze i-kerf. Ekubeni ukufuma ngokupheleleyo kungadingeki, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kumalunga ne-10% kuphela yokusika ukufuma. Ifanelekile kwiintsimbi ezingatshiyo okanye ezisabelayo kubandakanya intsimbi engatyiwayo, i-titanium, i-aluminium, kunye nee-alloys zazo.
Ukusikwa kweoksijini ngelaser (ukusikwa kokunyibilika kweoksijini)Ngokufana nokusikwa kweoksijini-acetylene, ilaser isebenza njengomthombo wokufudumeza kwangaphambili ngelixa ioksijini okanye ezinye iigesi ezisebenzayo zisebenza njengemidiya yokusika. Igesi isabela ngeoksijini ngesinyithi, ikhupha ubushushu obukhulu, kwaye ivuthuze ii-oxides ezinyibilikisiweyo ukuze zenze i-kerf. Ngenxa yempendulo ye-oxidation exothermic, imfuno yamandla yi-50% kuphela yokusikwa kokunyibilika, ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiintsimbi ezinokunyibilika njengentsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi yetitanium, kunye nentsimbi ephathwa ngobushushu.
III. Iingenelo Ezimangalisayo Zoomatshini Bokusika NgeLaser
1. Ukusika Okuphezulu Ngokucokisekileyo
Ngenxa yendawo encinci, enamandla aphezulu, nehamba ngokukhawuleza yelaser, abasiki belaser banikezela ngokuchanekileyo okugqwesileyo. I-kerf incinci, ineendonga ezisecaleni ezilinganayo nezithe nkqo, iqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu. Umphezulu osikiweyo uthambile kwaye uyathandeka, unoburhabaxa bomphezulu obuzii-micrometer ezimbalwa kuphela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusika ngelaser kusebenza njengenkqubo yokugqibela, kunye neendawo ezilungele ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ngaphandle kokulungiswa okungakumbi.
Indawo echaphazeleka bubushushu (HAZ) incinci kakhulu, igcina iipropati zezinto zokuqala ezijikeleze i-kerf kwaye inciphisa ukuguquguquka kobushushu. Icandelo elinqamlezileyo le-kerf liphantse libe yingxande eqhelekileyo. Oku kuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kushishino lwe-elektroniki lokulungisa iindawo zesinyithi/zeplastiki, izindlu, kunye neebhodi zesekethe.
2. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokusika
Ukusika nge-laser kusebenza kakuhle kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zokuhambisa nge-laser. Uninzi loomatshini basebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwe-CNC, nto leyo evumela ukuzenzekela ngokupheleleyo. Abaqhubi bafuna kuphela ukutshintsha iinkqubo ze-CNC ukuze zilungelelanise nejometri zamacandelo ahlukeneyo, zixhasa ukusika kwe-2D kunye ne-3D. Kwizityalo ezinkulu zokuvelisa, iindawo zokusebenza ezininzi ze-CNC zinokucubungula iindawo ezininzi ngaxeshanye. Ukutshintsha ngokukhawuleza iinkqubo kwiibhetshi ezahlukeneyo kunye neemilo kususa utshintsho oluntsonkothileyo lwezixhobo kunye nohlengahlengiso, nto leyo ephucula kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso enkulu.
3. Isantya Sokusika Esikhawulezayo
Ukusika nge-laser kukhawuleza kakhulu kuneendlela zemveli ezifana nokusika nge-plasma, ingakumbi kwiishiti ezincinci. Umzekelo, ezinye ii-laser cutters zemizi-mveliso zisebenza ngesantya esiphezulu se-300% kunee-plasma cutters. Ekubeni ukubethela kungadingeki, iindleko zokufakelwa kunye nexesha lokulayisha/lokukhulula ziyalondolozwa, nto leyo enyusa amandla emveliso iyonke. Kwishishini leemoto,izisiki ze-laser zefayibha ezinamandla aphezuluinokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle ngokuphindwe kahlanu kwintsimbi enamandla aphezulu, inciphisa imijikelo yemveliso kwaye iphucule ukhuphiswano lwemarike.
4. Ukucubungula okungadibaniyo
Ukusika nge-laser akuthinteli ukudibana, ngoko ke intloko yokusika ayichukumisi isixhobo somsebenzi. Oku kuphelisa ukuguguleka kwesixhobo; akukho tshintsho lwemibhobho olufunekayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.—uhlengahlengiso lweeparameter kuphela. Le nkqubo ivelisa ingxolo ephantsi, ukungcangcazela okuncinci, kwaye akukho ngcoliseko, nto leyo edala indawo yokusebenza ekhululekileyo nenobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Kwizinto ezibuthathaka okanye izinto ezichanekileyo, ukusika okungachukumisiyo kuthintela umonakalo kunye nokuguquka komphezulu, okuqinisekisa umgangatho ophezulu wemveliso kunye nemveliso.
5. Ukuhambelana kwezinto ezibanzi
Abasiki be-laser basebenza ngezinto ezahlukeneyo: iintsimbi, ezingezizo iintsimbi, izinto ezidityanisiweyo, ulusu, umthi, nokunye. Ukuguquguquka kuyahluka ngokusekwe kwiimpawu zobushushu kunye nokufunxwa kwe-laser:
Intsimbi engatyiwayo, intsimbi yekhabhoni, njl.njl., zisikwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokusika okunyibilikisiweyo okanye ngokusika ioksijini.
Izinto ezingezizo iintsimbi ezifana neeplastiki kunye neenkuni zilungele ukusika umphunga.
Ii-composites zinokunqunyulwa ngokuchanekileyo ngokweempawu zazo.
Olu buchule bokusika nge-laser lwenza ukuba kube yimfuneko kuzo zonke iifektri zokuvelisa.
6. Ukusebenza okulula
Izisiki ze-laser zanamhlanjei-computer inamba yolawulo kunye nokusebenza kude. Emva kokungenisa imizobo yokusika, umatshini usebenza ngokuzenzekelayo ngokucinezela amaqhosha okulula, kunciphisa iindleko zomsebenzi. Iimodeli ezininzi ziquka ukulayisha/ukukhulula ngokuzenzekelayo ukunciphisa ukungenelela ngesandla. Kwanakwiiworkshop ezincinci, abaqhubi banokuyilawula inkqubo emva koqeqesho olufutshane, umntu omnye ekwazi ukujonga oomatshini abaninzi ngaxeshanye.
7. Iindleko Eziphantsi Zokusebenza Nokugcina Izinto
Ii-laser cutters zineendleko eziphantsi zokusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa. Ixesha elincinci elichithwa ekugcinweni lithetha ixesha elingakumbi lokuvelisa, ukuphucula imveliso kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho.—Iluncedo ngakumbi kumashishini amancinci naphakathi. Nangona utyalo-mali oluphezulu oluvela kwangaphambili, ukusebenza kakuhle kunciphisa iindleko zokucubungula ngeyunithi nganye kwimveliso enkulu, komeleza ukhuphiswano lweendleko ngokubanzi kwaye kuxhase uphuhliso oluzinzileyo.
IV. Ulwakhiwo oluPhambili lweeMishini zokusika iLaser
1. Ulwakhiwo lweSakhelo esiPhambili
Umphathi wendlu unebhedi kunye netafile yokusebenza.
Ibhedi evulekileyo: Isakhiwo esilula, esilungele ukulayisha/ukukhulula izinto zomsebenzi, esifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezincinci okanye uyilo oluncinci.
Ibhedi evaliweyo: Ukuqina okuphezulu, kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezinkulu zokusika nge-laser ukumelana namandla okusika nokuqinisekisa uzinzo kunye nokuchaneka.
Itheyibhile yokusebenza ixhasa umsebenzi, idla ngokusebenzisa iithimbles okanye iibhola ezininzi ukuxhasa. Izixhobo zokubeka ecaleni kunye nezixhobo zokubambelela ziqinisekisa ukulungelelaniswa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokuqina okuqinileyo ngexesha lokusika, okuqinisekisa umgangatho wokusika.
2. Inkqubo yamandla
Inkqubo yamandla isebenzisa iimoto zombane njengomthombo wamandla, iguqula amandla ombane abe ngamandla oomatshini. Umngxuma wokukhupha uqhagamshela kwizinto zothumelo ezifana neegiya, iibhanti, okanye iityathanga, unikezela ngamandla okuqhuba kwiindawo ezihambayo kwaye uvumela intshukumo elawulwayo ngokweemfuno zenkqubo nganye.
3. Inkqubo yoThumelo
Abasiki be-laser be-CNC badla ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yolawulo oluvaliweyo oluyi-semi-closed-loop ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuchaneka kokubeka (ngokubanzi < 0.05 mm/300 mm). Abaqhubi abaqhelekileyo baquka ii-DC okanye ii-AC servo motors, ngakumbi ii-pulse-width modulated (PWM) high-inertia DC motors okanye ii-AC servo motors ukuze zihambe ngendlela ethembekileyo. I-motor iqhagamshela ngokuthe ngqo kwi-screw yebhola, iqhuba i-slide yetotshi yokusika okanye i-worktable eshukumayo ukuze kufezekiswe ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwendawo kunye nokusika okusemgangathweni ophezulu.
V. Usetyenziso olubanzi lweeMishini zokusika iLaser
1. Ukucubungula iSheet Metal
Izicucu ze-laser zikhethwa kakhulu ekwenzeni isinyithi ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukuphatha iimilo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neebhetshi ezincinci ukuya kweziphakathi ngokufanelekileyo. Akukho zibumba zifunekayo; imiyalelo yokucubungula icwangciswa kwaye iguqulwa ngokulula ngekhompyutha. Iingenelo ziquka isantya esiphezulu, i-kerf encinci, ukuchaneka okuphezulu, uburhabaxa bomphezulu obuhle, i-HAZ encinci, kunye nokucubungula okungenaxinzelelo. Zisika phantse zonke izixhobo, kubandakanya ubulukhuni obuphezulu, izinto eziqhekekileyo, kunye neendawo zokunyibilika eziphezulu. Nangona utyalo-mali lokuqala luphezulu, imveliso enkulu inciphisa iindleko zeeyunithi. I-enclosure epheleleyo, ungcoliseko oluphantsi, kunye nokusebenza kwengxolo ephantsi kuphucula imeko yokusebenza, okuqhuba ukwenziwa kwale shishini libe lelona xesha lilungileyo.
2. Oomatshini bezoLimo
Njengoko ubuchwephesha bezolimo buqhubeka, oomatshini bayahlukahluka kwaye bazenzela izinto ngokuzenzekelayo, oko kwandisa uhlobo lwenxalenye yesinyithi kunye nokunciphisa imijikelo yokuhlaziya. Ukunyathela kwendabuko kunqunyelwe ziindleko eziphezulu zesikhunta kunye nokusebenza okuphantsi. Abasiki beLaser banikezela ngokucubungula okuchanekileyo, okukhawulezayo, okungachukumisiyo kunye nokuguquguquka okuncinci kobushushu. Akukho zikhunta zinciphisa iindleko, kwaye isoftware ivumela ukusika amaphepha kunye neetyhubhu ngokungacwangciswanga, kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezinto kwaye kwenza kube lula uphuhliso lwemveliso. Zinciphisa iindleko zemveliso kwaye zixhasa ukuphuculwa kunye nokuphuculwa kweshishini loomatshini bezolimo.
3. Imveliso yeNtengiso
Ishishini lentengiso lifuna ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nomgangatho womphezulu. Izicucu ze-laser zisombulula iingxaki ezininzi zezixhobo zemveli. Kwizixhobo ezifana ne-acrylic, ucwangciso lwekhompyutha luphucula uyilo ukuze lugcine izixhobo. Ukusika imiphetho kuhamba kakuhle kwaye akufuneki kusetyenzwe emva koko. Ukusebenza ngaphandle kokubumba kwenza kube lula iinkqubo, kunciphisa iindleko, kwaye kukhawulezise impendulo yemarike, kulungele imveliso eyahlukeneyo, eneentlobo ngeentlobo. Izicucu ze-laser zinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, azinangxolo ingako, kwaye azinankunkuma ingako, zivelisa ngokuchanekileyo imizobo enzima kunye neefonti, zikhulisa ubuchule, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nenzuzo.
4. Ukwenziwa kweempahla
Nangona ukusika ngesandla kusaqhelekile, ukusika nge-laser ngokuzenzekelayo kukhula ngokukhawuleza.
Ukusikwa kweepateni: Kudityaniswe nesoftware yeCAD yokwenza inyathelo elinye, ukusebenza kakuhle, isantya, kunye nokuchaneka.
Ukusika ilaphu: Kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiisebe zokusika, ngokusebenza kakuhle nangokuchaneka (kuncitshiswa bubukhulu belaphu).
Ukwenza iithempleyithi: Kuthatha indawo yeendlela ezisekelwe kwisandla nakwi-drill, kunciphisa ixesha lokuvelisa kunye nokuphucula umgangatho ngesantya esiphezulu, ukuchaneka, uzinzo, kunye nokuhambelana ngqo nesoftware.
Ngokubanzi, ukusika nge-laser kukhuthaza ukusebenza kakuhle nokuchaneka okuphezulu kwishishini leempahla.
5. Ukwenziwa kweZitya zasekhitshini
Ukusika nge-laser kuyoyisa imida yeendlela zemveli ngesantya nangokuchaneka. Isika ngokukhawuleza iindawo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zasekhitshini kwaye idale iimilo ezintsonkothileyo kunye neepateni zokuhombisa, iphucula inkangeleko kunye nexabiso elongezelelekileyo. Ixhasa uphuhliso lwemveliso eyenzelwe wena kunye neyakho ukuze ihlangabezane neemfuno ezikhulayo zabathengi. Ifanelekile kwiimbiza zokupheka zentsimbi engagqwaliyo, iimela, kunye nezinye izinto zesinyithi/ezingeyontsimbi, ikhuthaza ubuchule kunye nokwahlukahluka kushishino.
6. Ishishini leeMoto
Izicucu ze-laser zibaluleke kakhulu kwimveliso yeemoto. Ziqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwizinto ezifana neenxalenye zenjini kunye neefreyimu zomzimba, ezinee-kerfs ezimxinwa, inkunkuma encinci, kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphezulu kwezinto zokwakha iindlwane. Uburhabaxa obuphantsi bomphezulu kunciphisa ukugaywa emva kokugaya. I-HAZ encinci ikhusela intsimbi engagqwaliyo ye-ferritic kunye nentsimbi enamandla aphezulu, iphucula umgangatho we-weld. Ziphatha izixhobo ezahlukeneyo (intsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi, intsimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium alloy) kwaye zixhasa ukwakheka kwebhetshi encinci, ukwenziwa kweshothi enye, ziphucula ixesha kunye nomgangatho kwimveliso yeemoto ekrelekrele.
7. Izixhobo zokuzilolonga
Izicucu ze-laser zibonelela ngokuguquguquka okunamandla kwiityhubhu zokucubungula ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zokuqina komzimba. Zisika ngokuchanekileyo ubude obuchaziweyo, ii-engile, kunye neempumlo ezinemilo ekhethekileyo, ziphucula ukulingana kunye nozinzo lokuhlanganisa. Ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kunciphisa imijikelo yemveliso, kuvumela iimpendulo ezikhawulezayo kwimfuno yemarike yesitayile kunye neenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo, kuqinisa ukhuphiswano lwemveliso.
8. Ishishini leeNqwelo-moya
Ukwenziwa kweenqwelo-moya kuneemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ukusika nge-laser kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinxalenye zeenqwelo-moya nezerokhethi. Kufezekisa ukusika ngokuchanekileyo kwe-alloys zeenqwelo-moya ezinamandla aphezulu, ezilula kwizakhiwo ze-fuselage kunye neendawo ezichanekileyo. Kwiinxalenye zerokhethi ezintsonkothileyo nezinyamezelayo ezifana neenxalenye zetanki yepetroli kunye nee-nozzles zenjini, ukusika nge-laser kuvumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwendlela kunye nomatshini ontsonkothileyo weprofayili, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kunye nokhuseleko.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-10-2026
