Iindlela zokuWelda zeMicinci neNcinci Ukuwelda ngeLaser yindlela yokuwelda esebenza kakuhle nechanekileyo esebenzisa umqadi welaser oxineneyo njengomthombo wobushushu. Yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezisetyenziswayo kwitekhnoloji yokucubungula izinto zelaser. Kwiminyaka yoo-1970, yayisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuwelda izinto ezibhityileyo kunye nokuwelda ngesantya esiphantsi, kwaye inkqubo yokuwelda yayiyeyohlobo lokuqhuba ubushushu. Ngokukodwa, imitha yelaser ifudumeza umphezulu wento yokusebenza, kwaye ubushushu obukumphezulu busasazeka ngaphakathi ngokusebenzisa ukuqhutywa kobushushu. Ngokulawula iiparameter ezifana nobubanzi, amandla, amandla aphezulu, kunye nokuphindaphinda kwamaza e-laser pulses, into yokusebenza iyanyibilika ukuze yenze ichibi elithile elinyibilikisiweyo. Ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezikhethekileyo, isetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiukuwelda ngokuchanekileyo kwamacandelo amancinci nancinci.Ubuchwepheshe bokuwelda nge-laser baseTshayina buphakathi kwamanqanaba aphambili ehlabathini. Bunobuchwepheshe kunye namandla okwenza izinto ezintsonkothileyo ze-titanium alloy ezingaphezu kweemitha ezili-12 kusetyenziswa i-laser, kwaye busetyenziswe kwiprototype kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso kwiiprojekthi ezininzi zophando ngeenqwelo moya zasekhaya. Ngo-Okthobha ka-2013, ingcali yokuwelda yaseTshayina iphumelele iBrook Award, ibhaso lezemfundo eliphezulu kwicandelo lokuwelda, eliqinisekisile inqanaba le-laser yokuwelda elikumgangatho wehlabathi laseTshayina.
## Imbali yoPhuhliso Umqadi wokuqala welaser ehlabathini wenziwa ngo-1960 ziikristale zerubhi ezinomdla ezinesibane esikhanyayo. Incitshiswe ngamandla obushushu ekristale, yayinokuvelisa imiqadi emifutshane kakhulu enee-frequency eziphantsi. Nangona amandla e-instantaneous pulse peak ayenokufikelela kwi-10^6 watts, yayiseyemveliso yamandla aphantsi. Intonga yekristale ye-yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) ene-neodymium-doped, ene-neodymium (Nd) njengento yokuvuselela, inokuvelisa umqadi welaser oqhubekayo one-wavelength enye enamandla e-1-8KW. Ilaser ye-YAG, enobude be-wavelength obuyi-1.06μm, inokuqhagamshelwa kwintloko yokucubungula ilaser ngefayibha ye-optical eguquguqukayo, enezinto eziguquguqukayo kunye nokufaneleka kwezinto zokusebenza zokuwelda ezinobukhulu obuyi-0.5-6mm. I-laser ye-CO₂, esebenzisa i-carbon dioxide njenge-excitant (enobude obuyi-10.6μm), inokufikelela kumandla okukhupha ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25KW kwaye yenze iipleyiti ezi-2mm ubukhulu zibe yi-single-pass full-penetration welding. Isetyenziswe kakhulu ekucubunguleni isinyithi kwicandelo lezemizi-mveliso. Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1980, i-laser welding, njengetekhnoloji entsha, yatsala ingqalelo enkulu eYurophu, eMelika, naseJapan. Ngo-1985, iThyssenKrupp Steel AG (eJamani) kunye neVolkswagen AG (eJamani) basebenzisane ukuze bamkele ngempumelelo i-laser-welded blank yokuqala ehlabathini kwi-Audi 100 body. Kwiminyaka yoo-1990, abavelisi beemoto abaphambili eYurophu, eMntla Melika, naseJapan baqala ukusebenzisa kakhulu itekhnoloji ye-laser-welded blank ekwenzeni imizimba yeemoto. Amava asebenzayo avela kwiilabhoratri kunye nabavelisi beemoto abonakalise ukuba ii-labs ezi-welded blank zingasetyenziswa ngempumelelo kwimveliso yeemoto. Ukuwelda ngomthungo we-laser kusebenzisa amandla e-laser ukudibanisa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuwelda iintsimbi ezininzi, iintsimbi ezingatyiwayo, ii-aluminium alloys, njl.njl., ngezinto ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu, kunye neengubo kwipleyiti edibeneyo, iprofayili, okanye iphaneli yesandwich. Oku kuyahlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwezinto, kwaye kufezekisa izixhobo ezilula ezinobunzima obuphantsi, ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo, kunye nokusebenza okungcono. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo afana neYurophu ne-United States,ukuwelda okwenziwe nge-laserAyisetyenziswa kuphela kushishino lokuvelisa izixhobo zothutho kodwa ikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezifana nokwakha, iibhulorho, imveliso yokuwelda iipleyiti zezixhobo zasekhaya, kunye nokuwelda iipleyiti zentsimbi kwimigca yokuqengqeleka (uqhagamshelo lweepleyiti kwi-continuous rolling). Amashishini okuwelda elaser adumileyo kwihlabathi aquka iSoudonic (eSwitzerland), iArcelorMittal Group (eFransi), iThyssenKrupp TWB (eJamani), iServo-Robot (eKhanada), kunye nePrecitec (eJamani). Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji engenanto ewelded nge-laser eTshayina kusandula ukuqalisa. Ngo-Okthobha 25, 2002, umgca wokuqala wobugcisa wemveliso yorhwebo eTshayina weeblanks eziwelded nge-laser waqaliswa ngokusesikweni. Waziswa yiWuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding evela kwiThyssenKrupp TWB (eJamani). Kamva, iShanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., kunye namanye amashishini afakwa ngokulandelelana kwimveliso. Ngowama-2003, amazwe angaphandle aqalise ukusebenzisa i-double-beam CO₂ laser filler wire welding kunyeUkuwelda ucingo lwe-YAG laser fillerkwisakhiwo sephaneli yodonga esisezantsi se-aluminium alloy ye-A318. Le teknoloji ithathe indawo yesakhiwo sendabuko esine-riveted, yanciphisa ubunzima be-fuselage yeenqwelo-moya ngama-20% kwaye yonga ama-20% eendleko. UGong Shuili wayekholelwa ukuba iteknoloji yokuwelda nge-laser iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleni nasekuphuculeni imboni yemveli yokwenziwa kweenqwelo-moya yaseTshayina. Wafaka isicelo kwangoko seeprojekthi ezininzi ezinxulumene nophando lwangaphambi kophando, waququzelela iqela lophando, waza wakhokela ekungeniseni iteknoloji "yokuwelda nge-laser ephindwe kabini" kwiiprojekthi zophando eTshayina. Ukususela ekuqaleni, wayeceba ukusebenzisa le teknoloji kwimveliso yeenqwelo-moya. Iqela leengcali zaseTshayina labika ngetekhnoloji yokuqala kwiziko loyilo lweenqwelo-moya kwaye lakhuthaza iingenelo kunye nokwenzeka kokuwelda nge-laser ephindwe kabini. Emva kokuqinisekiswa novavanyo oluninzi, iziko loyilo lagqiba ekubeni lisebenzise le teknoloji kwimveliso yeepaneli zodonga ezineembambo zenqwelo-moya ethile, lifezekisa injongo yokuqala yokusebenzisa itekhnoloji "yokuwelda nge-laser ephindwe kabini" kwimveliso yeenqwelo-moya. Yaphula ubuchwepheshe obuphambili obufana nolawulo oluchanekileyo lwentambo yokuzalisa i-laser welding kwii-alloys ezikhaphukhaphu, yaphuhlisa isixhobo sokuzalisa i-laser filler wire hybrid esidibeneyo nesintsha, yaseka iqonga lokuqala laseTshayina le-high-power double-beam laser filler wire welding, yafumanisa ukuzalisa i-double-beam kunye ne-double-side synchronous ye-T-joints kwizakhiwo ezinkulu ezibhityileyo, kwaye yayisebenzisa ngempumelelo ekuveliseni ukuzalisa iindawo ezibalulekileyo zesakhiwo seepaneli zodonga ezineembambo zeenqwelomoya okokuqala, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lweenqwelo-moya ezintsha zaseTshayina. Ngo-2003, iseti yokuqala yezixhobo zokuzalisa i-intanethi ezinkulu ezibonelelwe yi-HG Laser yaphumelela ukwamkelwa ngaphandle kwe-intanethi. Ezi zixhobo zidibanisa ukusika i-laser, ukuzalisa, kunye nonyango lobushushu, okwenza i-HG Laser ibe yenye yeenkampani zesine zehlabathi ezikwaziyo ukuvelisa izixhobo ezinjalo. Ngowama-2004, iprojekthi ethi “Ukusika, Ukuwelda kunye neTekhnoloji yoLungiselelo lweLaser enamandla aphezulu kunye nezixhobo” yi-HG Laser Farley I-Laserlab iphumelele iMbasa yesiBini yeBhaso leSizwe leNqubekela phambili yeSayensi neTekhnoloji, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ibe lolona shishini lelaser kuphela eTshayina elinamandla ophando nophuhliso lwale teknoloji nezixhobo. Ngophuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini lelaser yemizi-mveliso, imakethi ibeke phambili iimfuno eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ilaser. Itekhnoloji yelaser itshintshe kancinci ukusuka kwisicelo esinye ukuya kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuphathelele ukucubungula ilaser, ayisapheleli ekusikeni okanye ekudibaniseni okukodwa. Imfuno yemarike yezixhobo zokucubungula ilaser ezidibeneyo ezidibanisa ukusika kunye nokuwelda iyanda, kwaye ke ngoko izixhobo zokusika kunye nokuwelda zelaser ezidibeneyo ziye zavela. I-HG Laser Farley I-Laserlab iphuhlise umatshini wokusika kunye nokuwelda we-Walc9030 odibeneyo, onefomathi enkulu kakhulu yeemitha ezili-9×3, okwangoku sesona sixhobo sikhulu sokusika kunye nokuwelda selaser esidibeneyo kwihlabathi. I-Walc9030 sisixhobo sokusika kunye nokuwelda esinefomathi enkulu esidibanisaukusika nge-laser kunye nemisebenzi yokuwelda nge-laser. Ixhotyiswe ngentloko yokusika yobungcali kunye nentloko yokuthunga, kwaye iintloko ezimbini zokucubungula zabelana ngomqadi omnye. Itekhnoloji yokulawula amanani iqinisekisa ukuba aziphazamisani. Izixhobo zinokugqiba iinkqubo ezimbini ezifuna ukusika kunye nokuthunga ngaxeshanye. Zingatshintsha ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kokusika kuqala emva koko zithungelwe, okanye zithungelwe kuqala emva koko zithungelwe, zifezekisa zombini imisebenzi yokusika nge-laser kunye nokuthunga ngesixhobo esinye ngaphandle kwesidingo sezixhobo ezongezelelweyo. Oku kusindisa iindleko zezixhobo kubavelisi bezicelo, kuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokucubungula kunye noluhlu lokucubungula. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokusika kunye nokuthunga, ukuchaneka kokucubungula kuqinisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ukusebenza kwezixhobo kusebenza kakuhle kwaye kuzinzile. Ukongeza, yoyise ubunzima bokuguqulwa kobushushu beepleyiti ngexesha lokuthungelwa kweepleyiti ezinkulu kakhulu kunye nokuphunyezwa okuzinzileyo kweendlela ezinde kakhulu zokubhabha. Zithungelwe iipleyiti ezimbini ezisicaba ezinobude obuziimitha ezi-6 kunye ne-1.5 yeemitha ububanzi ngaxeshanye, kwaye umphezulu othungelweyo uthambile kwaye uthe tyaba ngaphandle kokulungiswa okongezelelweyo emva kokucubungula. Kwangaxeshanye, inokunqumla iipleyiti ezinobubanzi obuziimitha ezi-3, ubude obungaphezulu kweemitha ezi-6, kunye nobukhulu obungaphantsi kwe-20mm kwinkqubo enye yokwenza ngaphandle kokubekwa kwindawo yesibini. I-Shenyang Institute of Automation, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences, yenze intsebenziswano yamazwe ngamazwe ne-IHI Corporation (eJapan). Ilandela isicwangciso sesizwe sophuhliso lwesayensi nobuchwepheshe "sokwazisa, ukugaya, ukufunxa, kunye nokuhlaziya ngokutsha", yoyisa iiteknoloji eziphambili ezininziukuwelda okwenziwe nge-laser, baphuhlise iseti yokuqala yaseTshayina yemigca epheleleyo yokuvelisa i-laser custom-welding ngoSeptemba 2006, kwaye baphuhlise ngempumelelo inkqubo ye-robotic laser welding, befezekisa i-laser welding yee-planar kunye ne-spatial curves. Ngo-Okthobha 2013, ingcali ye-welding yaseTshayina iphumelele iBrook Award, ibhaso lezemfundo eliphezulu kwicandelo le-welding. I-Welding Institute (TWI, UK) icebisa kwaye ityumba abaviwa minyaka le abavela kwiiyunithi zamalungu angaphezu kwama-4,000 kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120, kwaye ekugqibeleni banikezela eli bhaso kwingcali enye ngokuqaphela igalelo labo elibalaseleyo kwisayensi kunye netekhnoloji ye-welding okanye i-joining kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwemizi-mveliso. Eli bhaso alikho nje kuphela ukuqatshelwa kukaGong Shuili kunye neqela lakhe kodwa likwaqinisekisa indima ye-AVIC ekukhuthazeni inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yokujoyina izinto.
## Iiparameter zeSakhiwo
### Izixhobo Zokusebenza Zenziwe yi-oscillator ye-optical kunye ne-medium ebekwe phakathi kwezibuko kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-oscillator cavity. Xa i-medium ivuselelwe ukuya kwimeko yamandla aphezulu, iqala ukuvelisa amaza okukhanya angaphakathi, abonakalisa umva nangaphambili phakathi kwezibuko kuzo zombini iziphelo, okwenza i-photoelectric concatenation effect. Oku kwandisa amaza okukhanya, kwaye xa kufunyenwe amandla aneleyo, i-laser iyakhutshwa. I-Laser ingachazwa njengesixhobo esiguqula imithombo yamandla ephambili efana namandla ombane, amandla eekhemikhali, amandla obushushu, amandla okukhanya, okanye amandla enyukliya abe yimisebe yemitha ye-electromagnetic ye-optical frequency ethile (ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okanye ukukhanya kwe-infrared). Olu tshintsho lunokwenziwa ngokulula kwimidiya ethile eqinileyo, engamanzi, okanye yegesi. Xa ezi media zivuselelwe ngendlela yeeathomu okanye iimolekyuli, zivelisa umqadi wokukhanya onesigaba esifanayo kunye ne-wavelength enye—i-laser. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo zesigaba kunye nobude bayo obunye, i-engile yokwahluka incinci kakhulu, kwaye ingadluliselwa kumgama omde ngaphambi kokuba igxininiswe kakhulu ukubonelela ngemisebenzi efana nokuwelda, ukusika, kunye nonyango lobushushu. ### Uhlu lweeLaser Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeelaser ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda, ezizezi iilaser zeCO₂ kunye neelaser zeNd:YAG. Zombini iilaser zeCO₂ kunye neelaser zeNd:YAG zikukhanya okungabonakaliyo kwe-infrared emehlweni. Umqadi oveliswa yilaser yeNd:YAG ikakhulu kukukhanya okukufutshane kwe-infrared okunobude bomqadi obuyi-1.06μm. Abaqhubi be-thermal banezinga eliphezulu lokufunxa ukukhanya kwale wavelength, kwaye uninzi lweesinyithi, ukubonakaliswa yi-20%-30%. Umqadi okufutshane we-infrared unokujoliswa kububanzi obuyi-0.25mm kusetyenziswa iilensi eziqhelekileyo ze-optical. Umqadi welaser yeCO₂ kukukhanya okukude kwe-infrared okunobude bomqadi obuyi-10.6μm. Uninzi lweentsimbi lune-reflectivity ye-80%-90% kolu hlobo lokukhanya, ngoko ke kufuneka iilensi ezikhethekileyo ze-optical ukuze kugxilwe umqadi ukuya kububanzi be-0.75-1.0mm. Amandla e-Nd:YAG lasers ngokubanzi anokufikelela malunga ne-4,000-6,000W, kwaye amandla aphezulu ngoku afikelele kwi-10,000W. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amandla e-CO₂ lasers anokufikelela ngokulula kwi-20,000W okanye nangaphezulu. Ii-CO₂ lasers ezinamandla aphezulu zisombulula ingxaki ye-reflectivity ephezulu ngesiphumo se-keyhole. Xa umphezulu wezinto ezikhanyiswa yindawo yokukhanya unyibilika, kwenziwa i-keyhole. Le keyhole izaliswe ngumphunga ifana nomzimba omnyama, ofunxa phantse onke amandla okukhanya okukhawulezileyo. Ubushushu bokulingana ngaphakathi kwe-keyhole bufikelela malunga ne-25,000°C, kwaye i-reflectivity iyancipha ngokukhawuleza kwimizuzwana embalwa. Nangona ingqwalasela yophuhliso lwee-laser ze-CO₂ isagxile kuphuhliso lwezixhobo kunye nophando, ayisekho malunga nokwandisa amandla aphezulu okukhupha, kodwa malunga nendlela yokuphucula umgangatho we-beam kunye nokusebenza kwayo okugxile. Ukongeza, xa i-argon isetyenziswa njengegesi yokukhusela kwi-CO₂ laser welding enamandla angaphezu kwe-10kW, idla ngokubangela i-plasma enamandla, nto leyo enciphisa ubunzulu bokungena. Ke ngoko, i-helium, engavelisi i-plasma, idla ngokusetyenziswa njengegesi yokukhusela kwi-CO₂ laser welding enamandla aphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kweendibaniselwano ze-diode laser kwiikristale ze-Nd:YAG ezinomdla kakhulu sisihloko esibalulekileyo sophando nophuhliso, esiya kuphucula kakhulu umgangatho we-laser beams kwaye senze ukucubungula nge-laser okusebenzayo ngakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-arrays ze-diode ngqo ukuvuselela nokukhupha ii-laser kummandla okufutshane ne-infrared kufikelele kumandla aphakathi e-1kW kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuguqula i-photoelectric phantse ngama-50%. Ii-Diodes nazo zinobomi obude benkonzo (iiyure ezili-10,000), nto leyo enceda ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcina izixhobo ze-laser. Uphuhliso lwezixhobo ze-diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) nalo luya phambili.
Ixesha leposi: Agasti-27-2025
