Kwimveliso yanamhlanje,iteknoloji yokuwelda nge-laserIsetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwi-aerospace ukuya kwimveliso yeemoto, ukusuka kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki ukuya kwizixhobo zonyango, kunye neenzuzo zayo zokusebenza kakuhle, ukuchaneka kunye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Isiseko sale teknoloji kukunxibelelana kwe-laser nezinto, okwenza ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo kwaye liqine ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo ndlela livumela uqhagamshelo lweendawo zesinyithi. Ichibi elinyibilikisiweyo yindawo ephambili ekudibaniseni nge-laser, kwaye iimpawu zalo zimisela ngokuthe ngqo umgangatho wokudibanisela, ulwakhiwo lwe-microstructure kunye nokusebenza kokugqibela. Ke ngoko, ukuqonda okunzulu kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lweempawu zechibi elinyibilikisiweyo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphuculeni inqanaba letekhnoloji yokudibanisela nge-laser kunye nokuhlangabezana neemfuno zamalungu ahlanganisiweyo asemgangathweni ophezulu kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso.
Ijometri yedama elinyibilikisiweyo
Ijiyometri yedama lokuwelda licandelo elibalulekileyo kuphando lokuwelda nge-laser, kuba lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukudluliselwa kobushushu, ukuhamba kwezinto kunye nomgangatho wokugqibela wokuwelda ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda. Imilo yedama lokuwelda elinyibilikisiweyo idla ngokuchazwa bubunzulu balo, ububanzi, umlinganiselo wobuso, ijiyometri yendawo echaphazelekileyo kubushushu (HAZ), ijiyometri yesitshixo, kunye nejiyometri yendawo yesinyithi enyibilikisiweyo (MMA). Ezi parameter azichazi kuphela ubungakanani kunye nokuma kwejoyinti edibeneyo, kodwa zikwachaphazela nomjikelo wobushushu, izinga lokupholisa kunye nokwakheka kwesakhiwo esincinci ngexesha lenkqubo yokuwelda.
Itheyibhile 1. Impembelelo yeeparamitha zokuwelda nge-laser kwiiparamitha zejometri zedama ngalinye lokuwelda.
Uphando lubonisa ukuba amandla elaser kunye nesantya sokuwelda zezona parameter zimbini eziphambili zenkqubo ezichaphazela ijiyometri yedama lokuwelda, njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1. Ngokubanzi, njengoko amandla elaser esanda kwaye isantya sokuwelda sincipha, ubunzulu bedama lokuwelda buyanda, ngelixa ububanzi butshintsha kancinci. Oku kungenxa yokuba amandla aphezulu elaser anako ukubonelela ngamandla angakumbi, okuvumela ukuba izinto zinyibilike kwaye ziphele ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo ebangela imingxuma enzulu kunye namachibi, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1. Nangona kunjalo, xa amandla elaser ephezulu kakhulu okanye isantya sokuwelda siphantsi kakhulu, kunokukhokelela ekutshiseni kakhulu kwezinto, ukufuma okugqithisileyo, kunye nefuthe lokukhusela iplasma, eliya kunciphisa umgangatho wokuwelda. Ke ngoko, kwinkqubo yokwenyani yokuwelda, kuyimfuneko ukukhetha ngokufanelekileyo amandla elaser kunye nesantya sokuwelda ngokweempawu ezithile zezinto kunye neemfuno zokuwelda ukuze ufumane ijiyometri yedama lokuwelda efanelekileyo.
Umfanekiso 1. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-weld ezenziwe yi-laser heat conduction welding kunye ne-laser deep penetration welding.
Ukongeza kumandla e-laser kunye nesantya sokuwelda, iipropati zomzimba zobushushu zezinto, imeko yomphezulu, igesi ekhuselayo kunye nezinye izinto nazo ziya kuba nefuthe kwijiyometri yedama lokuwelda. Umzekelo, okukhona ubushushu buhamba phezulu kwezinto, kokukhona ubushushu budlula ngokukhawuleza kwizinto, kwaye kokukhona izinga lokuphola ledama lokuwelda elinyibilikisiweyo likhawuleza, okunokubangela ubungakanani obuncinci bedama lokuwelda. Uburhabaxa bomphezulu kunye nokucoceka kwezinto kuya kuchaphazela izinga lokufunxwa kwe-laser, kwaye emva koko kuchaphazele ukwakheka kunye nokuzinza kwedama lokuwelda elinyibilikisiweyo. Ukongeza, uhlobo kunye nezinga lokuhamba kwegesi ekhuselayo kuya kuba nefuthe elithile kwimo kunye nomgangatho wedama lokuwelda elinyibilikisiweyo, igesi ekhuselayo efanelekileyo inokuthintela ngempumelelo idama elinyibilikisiweyo ekungcolisweni nasekungcolisweni, kodwa ikwanokulungisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu kunye neempawu zokuhamba kwedama lokuwelda elinyibilikisiweyo, ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho wokuwelda.
Umfanekiso 2. Imilo yedama elinyibilikisiweyo xa i-laser ijikajika.
Ngokutshintsha indlela umqadi welaser, ukujijeka kwelaser kunokuchaphazela kakhulu imo kunye neempawu zedama elinyibilikisiweyo, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2. Njengoko umqadi welaser ujijeka, imo yedama elinyibilikisiweyo iba yinto efanayo kwaye izinzile. Umqadi welaser ojijekayo udala indawo eshushu ebanzi phezu komphezulu wedama, okwenza imiphetho yedama ibe bushelelezi kwaye inciphise imiphetho ebukhali kunye neemilo ezingahambelaniyo. Oku kufudumeza okufanayo kunceda ukuphucula umgangatho kunye neepropati zoomatshini zedama elihlanganisiweyo kunye nokunciphisa iziphene ze-welding ezifana nemifantu kunye neembobo. Ukongeza, ukujijeka kwelaser kunokunyusa ukugeleza kwedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kukhuthaze ukukhutshwa kweegesi kunye nokungcola kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, kwaye kuphucule ngakumbi uxinano kunye nokufana kwedama elihlanganisiweyo.
Amandla echibi elinyibilikisiweyo
I-thermodynamics yedama elinyibilikisiweyo yenye intsimi ebalulekileyo kuphando lwe-laser welding, olubandakanya ukufunxwa, ukudluliselwa kunye nokuguqulwa kwamandla e-laser kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, kunye nokusasazwa kwentsimi yobushushu, izinga lokuphola kunye nokuziphatha kotshintsho lwesigaba okubangelwa yiyo. Iimpawu ze-thermodynamic zedama elinyibilikisiweyo azichazi kuphela ubume kunye nobukhulu bedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kodwa zikwachaphazela ngokuthe ngqo isakhiwo kunye neempawu zoomatshini ze-weld joint.
Kwinkqubo yokuwelda nge-laser, emva kokuba amandla e-laser efunxwe zizinto, ziya kuvelisa indawo enobushushu obuphezulu kwidama elinyibilikayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izinto zinyibilike kwaye ziphele. Kwangaxeshanye, ubushushu buya kudluliselwa ukusuka kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu ukuya kwindawo enobushushu obuphantsi ngokusebenzisa ubushushu, i-convection kunye ne-radiation, ukuze ubushushu bezinto ezijikeleze idama elinyibilikisiweyo bunyuke, kwaye emva koko buchaphazele isakhiwo kunye neempawu zezinto. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuncinci, i-gradient yobushushu obukhulu kunye nesantya sokupholisa esikhawulezayo sedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kunzima kakhulu ukulinganisa intsimi yobushushu kunye nesantya sokupholisa ngokuthe ngqo. Ke ngoko, uninzi lwezifundo zenziwa ukuze kufundwe iipropati ze-thermodynamic zamachibi anyibilikisiweyo ngokuseka iimodeli zezibalo kunye neendlela zokulinganisa amanani.
Kwimodeli ye-thermodynamic yedama elinyibilikisiweyo, ezi zinto zilandelayo ziphambili zihlala zifuneka ziqwalaselwe: Okokuqala, indlela yokufunxa amandla e-laser, kubandakanya ukubonakaliswa, ukufunxa kunye neempawu zokudlulisela umphezulu wezinto, kunye nenkqubo yokusasazeka kunye nokufunxa kwe-laser ngaphakathi kwezinto. Izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neeparameter ze-laser ziya kukhokelela kumazinga ahlukeneyo okufunxa kunye nokusasazwa kwamandla, okuya kuchaphazela ukuziphatha kwe-thermodynamic yedama elinyibilikisiweyo. Okwesibini, iipropati zomzimba zobushushu zezinto, ezifana nomthamo othile wobushushu, ukuqhuba kobushushu, uxinano, njl.njl., ezi parameter ziya kutshintsha ngotshintsho lobushushu, olunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokudlulisa ubushushu. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukuqwalasela ukuhamba kolwelo kunye neenkqubo zotshintsho lwesigaba kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo, njengokunyibilika, ukufuma kunye nokuqina, okuya kutshintsha imo kunye nokusasazwa kwentsimi yobushushu yedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kodwa kukwachaphazela nesakhiwo se-microstructure kunye neempawu zoomatshini zezinto.
Ngokusebenzisa ukulinganisa amanani kunye nophando lovavanyo, abaphandi bafumanise ukuba ukusasazwa kwentsimi yobushushu kwidama elinyibilikisiweyo kudla ngokubonisa ukungalingani okukhulu, indawo yobushushu obuphezulu igxile kakhulu kwindawo yesenzo selaser kunye nomngxuma wesitshixo, kwaye ubushushu buyehla kancinci ukuya kumphetho wedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo kubushushu. Izinga lokupholisa liyanda ngokuncipha kobukhulu bedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nokwanda komgama ukusuka kwindawo yelaser. Ngokubanzi, izinga lokupholisa liphantsi embindini wedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nendawo yesitshixo, ngelixa izinga lokupholisa liphezulu kumphetho wedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo kubushushu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 2. Le ntsimi yobushushu engatshintshiyo kunye nokusasazwa kwesantya sokupholisa kuya kukhokelela kutshintsho olucacileyo lwe-gradient kwisakhiwo se-microstructure ye-welded joint, njengobungakanani bengqolowa, ukwakheka kwesigaba kunye nokusasazwa, okuya kuchaphazela iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwe-welded joint.
Umfanekiso 3. Iziphumo zokulinganisa ukwakheka kwe-keyhole kunye ne-melted pool ngexesha lokuwelda kwe-laser deep penetration yeplate yentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ukuze kuphuculwe iimpawu ze-thermodynamic zedama elinyibilikisiweyo, kuphuculwe umgangatho we-welding kwaye kuncitshiswe iziphene ze-welding, kuye kwacetyiswa uthotho lweendlela zokulungisa kunye namanyathelo. Umzekelo, ngokulungelelanisa iiparameter ze-laser, ezinje ngamandla e-laser, isantya se-welding, ububanzi bebala, njl.njl., indlela yokufaka kunye nokusasazwa kwamandla e-laser ingatshintshwa ukuze kuphuculwe intsimi yobushushu kunye nesantya sokupholisa sedama elinyibilikisiweyo. Ukongeza, ukuziphatha kwe-thermodynamic kunye nokuguquka kwe-microstructure yedama elinyibilikisiweyo kunokulungiswa ngokusebenzisa ukufudumeza kwangaphambili, emva kokufudumeza, ukuwelda okuhamba ngeendlela ezininzi kunye nezinye iindlela zenkqubo, kunye nokusebenzisa iigesi zokukhusela ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-welding atmospheres. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuphuhlisa izixhobo ezintsha ze-welding kunye neenkqubo ze-alloy ukuphucula uzinzo lobushushu kunye nokusebenza kwe-welding kwezinto kukwayenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuphucula iimpawu ze-thermodynamic zadama elinyibilikisiweyo.
Iimpawu zedama lokuwelda nge-laser zezona zinto ziphambili ezichaphazela umgangatho wokuwelda, isakhiwo se-microstructure kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Uphononongo olunzulu lwejometri kunye neempawu ze-thermodynamic zedama lokuwelda nge-laser lubaluleke kakhulu ekwenzeni ngcono inkqubo yokuwelda nge-laser kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nomgangatho wokuwelda. Ngophando oluninzi lovavanyo kunye nohlalutyo lokulinganisa amanani, abaphandi bafumene uthotho lweziphumo zophando ezibalulekileyo, ezibonelela ngenkxaso enamandla yethiyori kunye nesikhokelo sobugcisa sophuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji yokuwelda nge-laser. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho ezinye iziphene kuphando lwangoku, njengokwenziwa lula kwemodeli kunye neengcinga ezininzi, kwaye ukubikezela iimpawu zedama lokunyibilika phantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezinzima akuchanekanga ngokwaneleyo. Uphando olucwangcisiweyo nolupheleleyo lovavanyo kufuneka luphuculwe, kwaye kukho ukunqongophala kophando olunzulu kwizixhobo ezingaphezulu kunye neeparamitha zokuwelda.
Ixesha leposi: Feb-28-2025
