1. Umgaqo wokuveliswa kwe-laser
Ulwakhiwo lweathom lufana nesixokelelwano selanga esincinci, esinenucleus yeathom embindini. Ii-electron zihlala zijikeleza kwi-nucleus ye-atomic, kwaye i-nucleus ye-athomu nayo ihlala ijikeleza.
I-nucleus yenziwe ngeeproton kunye ne-neutron. Iiprotons zichajiwe kakuhle kwaye iineutron azitshajwanga. Inani leentlawulo ezilungileyo ezithwalwa yi-nucleus yonke lilingana nenani leentlawulo ezimbi ezithwalwa yi-electron yonke, ngoko ke ngokubanzi ii-athomu zingathathi hlangothi kwihlabathi langaphandle.
Ngokubhekiselele kubunzima be-athomu, i-nucleus igxininisa uninzi lobunzima be-athomu, kwaye ubunzima obuhlala kuzo zonke ii-electron buncinci kakhulu. Kwisakhiwo se-athomu, i-nucleus ithatha indawo encinci kuphela. Ii-electron zijikeleza kwi-nucleus, kwaye ii-electron zinendawo enkulu kakhulu yokusebenza.
I-athomu "zinamandla angaphakathi", aquka iinxalenye ezimbini: enye kukuba ii-electron zinesantya sokujikeleza kunye namandla athile e-kinetic; enye kukuba kukho umgama phakathi kwee-electron ezichajiwe kakubi kunye ne-nucleus echajiwe kakuhle, kwaye kukho Umlinganiselo othile wamandla anokubakho. Isixa samandla e-kinetic kunye namandla anokubakho azo zonke ii-electron ngamandla e-athomu yonke, ebizwa ngokuba ngamandla angaphakathi e-athomu.
Zonke ii-electron zijikeleza kwi-nucleus; ngamanye amaxesha kufutshane ne-nucleus, amandla ezi electron mancinci; ngamanye amaxesha kude ne-nucleus, amandla ezi electron makhulu; ngokutsho kwamathuba okuba kwenzeke, abantu bahlulahlula umaleko we-electron ngokwahlukileyo ” “iNqanaba laMandla”; Kwinqanaba elithile le-Energy, kunokubakho ii-electron ezininzi ezijikelezayo rhoqo, kwaye i-electron nganye ayinayo i-orbit esisigxina, kodwa ezi electron zinezinga elifanayo lamandla; "Amanqanaba oMbane" ahlukaniswe omnye komnye. Ewe, zibekwe zodwa ngokwamanqanaba amandla. Ingqikelelo "yenqanaba lamandla" ayikwahluli kuphela ii-electron zibe ngamanqanaba ngokwamandla, kodwa ikwahlulahlula indawo ejikelezayo yee-electron zibe ngamanqanaba amaninzi. Ngamafutshane, i-athomu inokuba namanqanaba amaninzi amandla, kwaye amanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla ahambelana namandla ahlukeneyo; ezinye ii-electron zijikeleza "kwinqanaba lamandla aphantsi" kunye nezinye ii-electron zijikeleza "kwizinga eliphezulu lamandla".
Namhlanje, iincwadi zefiziksi zesikolo esiphakathi ziye zaphawula ngokucacileyo iimpawu zesakhiwo se-athomu ethile, imithetho yokusabalalisa i-electron kwinqanaba le-electron nganye, kunye nenani lee-electron kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla.
Kwinkqubo yeathom, ii-electron zihamba ngokwamaleko, kunye nezinye iiathom kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla kwaye ezinye kumanqanaba aphantsi amandla; ngenxa yokuba ii-athomu zihlala zichatshazelwa yimeko yangaphandle (iqondo lobushushu, umbane, umazibuthe), ii-elektroni ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla azinzanga kwaye ziya kutshintshela ngokuzenzekela kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, isiphumo salo sinokufunxwa, okanye sivelise iziphumo ezikhethekileyo zokuvuselela kwaye kubangele “ ukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo”. Ngoko ke, kwinkqubo ye-athomu, xa i-electron yezinga eliphezulu lamandla litshintshela kumanqanaba aphantsi kwamandla, kuya kubakho ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezimbini: "ukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo" kunye "nokukhutshwa okukhuthazwayo".
Imitha ezenzekelayo yemitha, ii-electron kumazwe anamandla aphezulu azinzanga kwaye, zichatshazelwa yimeko yangaphandle (iqondo lobushushu, umbane, imagnethi), zifudukela ngokuzenzekelayo kumazwe aphantsi kwamandla, kwaye amandla angaphezulu akhutshwa ngendlela yeefotoni. Uphawu lolu hlobo lwemitha kukuba utshintsho lwe-electron nganye lwenziwa ngokuzimeleyo kwaye alukhethi. Iimeko zephoton zokukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo kwee-electron ezahlukeneyo zahlukile. Ukukhutshwa kokukhanya okuzenzekelayo kwimeko "engahambelaniyo" kwaye kuneendlela ezithe saa. Nangona kunjalo, imitha ezenzekelayo ineempawu zeeathom ngokwazo, kwaye imbonakalo yemitha ezenzekelayo yeeathom ezahlukeneyo yahlukile. Ithetha ngoku, ikhumbuza abantu ngolwazi olusisiseko lwefiziksi, “Nayiphi na into inamandla okukhanyisa ubushushu, kwaye into leyo inamandla okuqhubeka nokufunxa nokukhupha amaza ombane. Amaza ombane asasazwa bubushushu anosasazo oluthile. Le spectrum Ukusasazwa kunxulumene neempawu zento ngokwayo kunye nobushushu bayo. Ke ngoko, isizathu sobukho bemitha ye-thermal kukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo kweeathom.
Kwi-emission ekhuthazwayo, i-electron-high-energy level transition to the low-energy level under the "stimulation" okanye "induction" ye "photons ezilungele iimeko" kunye nokukhanya kwefoton ye-frequency efanayo ne-photon yesiganeko. Olona phawu lukhulu lwemitha evuselelweyo kukuba iifotoni eziveliswa yimitha evuselelweyo zinemeko efana ncam nesiganeko seefotoni ezivelisa imitha evuselelayo. Bakwimeko "ehambelanayo". Zinefrequency efanayo kunye nolwalathiso olufanayo, kwaye akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukwahlula ezi zimbini. iyantlukwano phakathi kwezo. Ngale ndlela, ifotoni enye iba ziifotoni ezimbini ezifanayo ngokukhutshwa okuvuselelweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukukhanya kuqiniswa, okanye "kwandisiwe".
Ngoku makhe siphinde sihlalutye, ziziphi iimeko ezifunekayo ukuze kufunyanwe imitha evuselelayo engakumbi nangakumbi?
Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, inani leelektroni kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla lihlala lingaphantsi kwenani leelektroni kumanqanaba aphantsi amandla. Ukuba ufuna iiathom zivelise imitha evuselelweyo, ufuna ukwandisa inani leelektroni kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla, ngoko ke ufuna "umthombo wempompo", onjongo yawo ikukukhuthaza ngakumbi Ii-electron ezininzi ezisezantsi-zamandla zitsibela kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla. , ngoko ke inani lee-electron zezinga eliphezulu lamandla liya kuba ngaphezu kwenani leelektroni eziphantsi kwamandla, kwaye "i-particle number reversal" iya kwenzeka. Uninzi lwee-elektroni ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla zinokuhlala ixesha elifutshane kakhulu. Ixesha liya kuxhuma kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla, ngoko ke amathuba okukhutshwa kwemitha yemitha kuya kwanda.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, "umthombo wempompo" usetelwe iiathom ezahlukeneyo. Yenza ii-electron "zihlambuluke" kwaye zivumele ii-electron ezikumgangatho ophantsi wamandla ukuba zitsibele kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla. Abafundi banokuqonda ngokusisiseko, yintoni i-laser? Iveliswa njani i-laser? I-Laser "yimitha yokukhanya" "eyonwabileyo" yi-athomu yento phantsi kwesenzo "somthombo wempompo". Le laser.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-27-2024
