Umgaqo weLaser Generation

Kutheni le nto kufuneka sazi umgaqo welaser?

Ukwazi umahluko phakathi kwe-lasemiconductor lasers eqhelekileyo, iifibers, iidiski kunyeYAG laserkunokunceda ekuqondeni ngcono kwaye kubandakanyeke kwiingxoxo ezininzi ngexesha lenkqubo yokhetho.

Eli nqaku ligxile ikakhulu kwisayensi edumileyo: intshayelelo emfutshane yomgaqo wokwenziwa kwelaser, esona sakhiwo siphambili selaser, kunye neentlobo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zeelaser.

Okokuqala, umgaqo wokuvelisa i-laser

I-Laser iveliswa ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya kunye nento, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-stimulated radiation amplification; Ukuqonda ukukhulisa ukusasazeka kwemitha kufuna ukuqonda iikhonsepthi zika-Einstein zokuphuma okuzenzekelayo, ukufunxwa okuvuselelweyo, kunye nemitha evuselelweyo, kunye nezinye iziseko eziyimfuneko zethiyori.

Isiseko sethiyori 1: Imodeli yeBohr

Imodeli ye-Bohr ikakhulu ibonelela ngobume bangaphakathi bee-athom, ikwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuba zenzeka njani iilaser. I-athomu yenziwe yi-nucleus kunye nee-electron ngaphandle kwe-nucleus, kwaye i-orbitals yee-electron ayifuni. Ii-electron zine-orbitals ezithile kuphela, phakathi kwazo i-orbital yangaphakathi ibizwa ngokuba yi-ground state; Ukuba i-electron ikwimeko yomhlaba, amandla ayo aphantsi. Ukuba i-electron igxuma ngaphandle kwe-orbit, ibizwa ngokuba yimeko yokuqala enomdla, kwaye amandla ombuso wokuqala onomdla uya kuba phezulu kunobume bomhlaba; Enye i-orbit ibizwa ngokuba lilizwe lesibini elinemincili;

Isizathu sokuba i-laser inokwenzeka kukuba ii-electron ziya kuhamba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kule modeli. Ukuba ii-electron zifunxa amandla, zinokubaleka ukusuka kwindawo ephantsi ukuya kwimeko echulumancisayo; Ukuba i-electron ibuya kwimo evuyayo ukuya kumhlaba ophantsi, iya kukhulula amandla, ahlala ekhutshwa ngendlela yelaser.

Isiseko sethiyori 2: Ithiyori ye-Einstein eStimulated Radiation

Ngo-1917, u-Einstein waphakamisa ithiyori ye-radiation evuselelweyo, esisiseko sethiyori se-laser kunye nemveliso yelaser: ukufunxwa okanye ukukhutshwa komcimbi kusisiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kwebala lemitha kunye namasuntswana enza into, kunye nondoqo wayo. Undoqo lutshintsho lwamasuntswana phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo amandla. Kukho iinkqubo ezintathu ezahlukeneyo kwintsebenziswano phakathi kokukhanya kunye nento: ukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo, ukukhutshwa okukhuthazwayo, kunye nokufunxa okukhuthazwayo. Kwinkqubo equkethe inani elikhulu lamaqhekeza, ezi zintathu iinkqubo zihlala zihlala kunye kwaye zihlobene ngokusondeleyo.

Ukukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo:

Njengoko kuboniswe kumzobo: i-electron kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla i-E2 iguqukela ngokuzenzekelayo kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla E1 kwaye ikhuphe i-photon ngamandla e-hv, kunye ne-hv = E2-E1; Le nkqubo yotshintsho izenzekelayo nenganxulumananga nayo ibizwa ngokuba yinguqulelo ezenzekelayo, yaye amaza okukhanya akhutshwa lutshintsho oluzenzekelayo abizwa ngokuba yimitha ezenzekelayo.

Iimpawu zokukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo: Ifoton nganye izimele, kunye nezalathiso ezahlukeneyo kunye nezigaba, kwaye ixesha lokuvela liphinde libe ne-random. Kukukhanya okungahambelaniyo kunye nesiphithiphithi, okungekho ukukhanya okufunwa yilaser. Ke ngoko, inkqubo yokuvelisa i-laser idinga ukunciphisa olu hlobo lokukhanya okulahlekileyo. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni ubude be-laser ezahlukeneyo bube nokukhanya okulahlekileyo. Ukuba ilawulwa kakuhle, umlinganiselo wokukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo kwi-laser unokungahoywa. I-laser ecocekileyo, efana ne-1060 nm, yonke i-1060 nm, Olu hlobo lwelaser lunezinga lokufunxa elizinzileyo kunye namandla.

Ukufunxa okuvuselelweyo:

Ii-electron kumanqanaba aphantsi amandla (i-orbitals ephantsi), emva kokufunxa iifotoni, ukutshintshela kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla (ii-orbitals eziphezulu), kwaye le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-stimulated absorption. Ukufunxa okuvuselelweyo kubalulekile kwaye yenye yeenkqubo zokumpompa eziphambili. Umthombo wempompo we-laser unikezela amandla e-photon ukwenza amasuntswana kwindawo yokuzuza kwinguqu kwaye ulinde i-radiation evuselelweyo kumanqanaba aphezulu amandla, ekhupha i-laser.

Imitha evuselelweyo:

Xa ukhanyisa ukukhanya kwamandla angaphandle (hv = E2-E1), i-electron kwinqanaba eliphezulu lamandla livuyiswa yi-photon yangaphandle kwaye igxuma kwinqanaba eliphantsi lamandla (i-orbit ephezulu iqhubela kwi-orbit ephantsi). Ngexesha elifanayo, likhupha ifoton efana ncamashi nefoton yangaphandle. Le nkqubo ayifunxa ukukhanya kohlaziyo lwantlandlolo, ngoko kuya kubakho iifotoni ezimbini ezifanayo, ezinokuqondwa njengoko i-electron itshica ifoton eyayifunxwe ngaphambili, Le nkqubo ye-luminescence ibizwa ngokuba yi-radiation evuselelweyo, eyinkqubo engasemva yokufunxa okuvuselelweyo.

Emva kokuba ithiyori icacile, kulula kakhulu ukwakha i-laser, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso ungasentla: phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zozinzo lwezinto, uninzi lwee-electron zikwimeko yomhlaba, ii-electron zikwimeko yomhlaba, kwaye i-laser ixhomekeke i-radiation evuselelweyo. Ke ngoko, ulwakhiwo lwelaser kukuvumela ukufunxwa okuvuselelweyo ukuba kwenzeke kuqala, ukuzisa ii-elektroni kwinqanaba lamandla aphezulu, kwaye emva koko unikeze uchulumanco ukubangela inani elikhulu leelektroni ezikwinqanaba eliphezulu ukuba lingene kwimitha evuselelweyo, ikhuphe iifotoni, Ukusuka koku, i-laser inokuveliswa. Emva koko, siya kwazisa isakhiwo se-laser.

Ubume beLaser:

Tshatisa ubume belaser kunye neemeko zokuvelisa i-laser ezikhankanywe ngaphambili nganye nganye:

Imeko yokwenzeka kunye nesakhiwo esihambelanayo:

1. Kukho i-medium gain eyenza i-amplification effect njenge-laser working medium, kunye namasuntswana ayo asebenzayo anesakhiwo senqanaba lamandla esilungele ukuvelisa i-radiation evuselelweyo (ingakumbi ekwazi ukumpompa i-electron kwi-orbitals ephezulu yamandla kwaye ibe khona ixesha elithile. , kwaye emva koko ukhulule iifotoni ngomphefumlo omnye ngemitha evuselelweyo);

2. Kukho umthombo wokuvuselela wangaphandle (umthombo wempompo) onokumpompa ii-electron ukusuka kwinqanaba elingaphantsi ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu, kubangela ukuguqulwa kwenombolo ye-particle phakathi kwamanqanaba aphezulu nangaphantsi kwe-laser (oko kukuthi, xa kukho amasuntswana aphezulu aphezulu kune-laser). amasuntswana aphantsi kwamandla), njengesibane se-xenon kwi-LAG lasers;

3. Kukho umgodi we-resonant onokufikelela kwi-laser oscillation, ukwandisa ubude bokusebenza bezinto ezisebenzayo ze-laser, ukhuse imowudi yamaza okukhanya, ulawule indlela esasaza ngayo umqadi, ngokukhetha ukwandisa i-frequency ye-radiation evuselelayo ukuphucula i-monochromaticity (ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-laser ikhutshwa kumandla athile).

Ulwakhiwo oluhambelanayo luboniswe kulo mzobo ungentla, oyinto elula ye-laser ye-YAG. Ezinye izakhiwo zinokuba nzima ngakumbi, kodwa undoqo ngulo. Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-laser iboniswe kumzobo:

Ukuhlelwa kweLaser: ihlelwa ngokubanzi ngokufumana okuphakathi okanye ngefomu yelaser yamandla

Fumana ulwahlulo oluphakathi:

I-carbon dioxide laser: Ukufumana medium of carbon dioxide laser yi helium kunyeCO2 laser,ngobude belaza obuyi-10.6um, eyenye yeemveliso zokuqala zelaser eza kusungulwa. Ukuwelda kwelaser kwasekuqaleni kwakusekwe ikakhulu kwicarbon dioxide laser, esetyenziswa ngoku ikakhulu ukuwelda kunye nokusika izinto ezingezizo ezentsimbi (amalaphu, iiplastiki, iinkuni, njl. njl.). Ukongeza, ikwasetyenziswa koomatshini be-lithography. I-Carbon dioxide laser ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa nge-fiber optical kwaye ihamba ngeendlela ze-spatial optical, I-Tongkuai yokuqala yenziwa ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye izixhobo ezininzi zokusika zasetyenziswa;

I-YAG (yttrium aluminiyam garnet) i-laser: Iikristale ze-YAG ezifakwe nge-neodymium (Nd) okanye i-yttrium (Yb) ion zetsimbi zisetyenziswa njenge-laser gain medium, ene-emission wavelength ye-1.06um. I-laser ye-YAG inokuvelisa ii-pulses eziphezulu, kodwa amandla aphakathi aphantsi, kwaye amandla aphezulu anokufikelela kumaxesha angama-15 amandla aphakathi. Ukuba ikakhulu i-laser ye-pulse, imveliso eqhubekayo ayinakufezekiswa; Kodwa inokuthi idluliselwe ngemicu ye-optical, kwaye ngexesha elifanayo, izinga lokuxutywa kwezinto zetsimbi liyenyuka, kwaye liqala ukusetyenziswa kwizinto ezibonakalayo eziphezulu, ezifakwe kuqala kwintsimi ye-3C;

I-Fiber laser: Eyona nto ikhoyo ngoku kwimarike isebenzisa ifayibha ye-ytterbium njengendawo yokufumana, enobude obuyi-1060nm. Ikwahlulahlulwe ngakumbi kwifiber kunye ne-disc lasers ngokusekelwe kwimilo ye-medium; IFiber optic imele IPG, ngelixa idiski imele iTongkuai.

I-laser ye-semiconductor: I-medium gain is a semiconductor PN junction, kunye ne-wavelength ye-laser semiconductor ikakhulu kwi-976nm. Okwangoku, iisemiconductor ezikufuphi ne-infrared lasers zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukugquma, ezinamabala okukhanya ngaphezulu kwe-600um. I-Laserline lishishini elimele i-semiconductor lasers.

Ihlelwe ngohlobo lwesenzo samandla: I-Pulse laser (PULSE), i-laser eqhubekayo (QCW), i-laser eqhubekayo (CW)

I-laser ye-Pulse: i-nanosecond, i-picosecond, i-femtosecond, le laser ye-high-frequency pulse laser (ns, ububanzi be-pulse) inokufikelela kwincopho yamandla aphezulu, i-high frequency (MHZ) processing, esetyenziselwa ukusetyenzwa kobhedu olubhityileyo kunye ne-aluminiyam eyahlukileyo, kunye nokucoca ubukhulu becala. . Ngokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu aphezulu, inokunyibilika ngokukhawuleza izinto ezisisiseko, kunye nexesha eliphantsi lesenzo kunye nommandla omncinci ochaphazelekayo wokushisa. Ineenzuzo ekusetyenzweni kwe-ultra-thin materials (ngaphantsi kwe-0.5mm);

I-quasi eqhubekayo laser (QCW): Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda kunye nomjikelezo ophantsi womsebenzi (ngaphantsi kwe-50%), ububanzi be-pulseI-laser ye-QCWifikelela kwi-50 us-50 ms, igcwalisa isithuba phakathi kwenqanaba le-kilowatt i-fiber laser eqhubekayo kunye ne-Q-switched pulse laser; Amandla aphezulu e-quasi continuous fiber laser anokufikelela kumaxesha angama-10 amandla aphakathi phantsi kokusebenza kwemowudi eqhubekayo. Iilaser ze-QCW ngokubanzi zineendlela ezimbini, enye iqhubeka ukuwelda kumandla aphantsi, kwaye enye i-pulsed laser welding enamandla amatyeli ali-10 amandla aphakathi, anokufikelela kwizinto ezityebileyo kunye nokuwelda ubushushu ngakumbi, ngelixa ikwalawula ubushushu ngaphakathi uluhlu oluncinci kakhulu;

I-Laser eqhubekayo (CW): Le yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye uninzi lweelasesi ezibonwa kwimarike zii-laser zeCW ezikhupha ngokuqhubekayo i-laser yokulungiswa kwe-welding. I-Fiber lasers yahlulwe yaba yimowudi enye kunye neemowudi ezininzi ngokweedamitha eziphambili kunye neempawu zomqadi, kwaye zinokuhlengahlengiswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zosetyenziso.